Post-disaster reconstruction remains largely excluded from circular-economy approaches. This gap is particularly evident in earthquake-affected inner territories, where reconstruction is constrained by severe logistical challenges—especially in relation to rubble management—and where debris is often composed of materials closely tied to local building cultures and community identities. In these contexts, rebuilding still predominantly follows linear, emergency-driven models that treat rubble primarily as waste. This study introduces Rubble as a Material Bank (RMB), a digital–material framework that reconceptualises earthquake rubble as a traceable and programmable resource for circular reconstruction. RMB defines a rubble-to-component chain that integrates material characterisation, data-driven management, robotic fabrication, and reversible architectural design. Selected downstream segments of this chain are experimentally validated through the TRAP project, developed within the European TARGET-X programme. The experimentation focuses on extrusion-based fabrication of dry-assembled wall components using rubble-derived aggregates. The results indicate that digitally governed workflows can enable material reuse, while also revealing technical and regulatory constraints that currently limit large-scale implementation.

Post-disaster reconstruction remains largely excluded from circular-economy ap-proaches. This gap is particularly evident in earthquake-affected inner territories, where reconstruction faces severe logistical constraints—especially rubble manage-ment—and where debris is often composed of materials closely tied to local building cultures and community identities. In these contexts, rebuilding still follows linear, emergency-driven models that treat rubble primarily as waste. This study introduces Rubble as a Material Bank (RMB), a digital–material framework that reconceptualises earthquake rubble as a traceable and programmable resource for circular reconstruc-tion. RMB defines a rubble-to-component chain integrating material characterisation, data-driven management, robotic fabrication, and reversible architectural design. Se-lected downstream segments are experimentally validated through the TRAP project, developed within the European TARGET-X program. The experimentation focuses on extrusion-based fabrication of dry-assembled wall components using rubble-derived aggregates. Results show that digitally governed workflows can enable material reuse while revealing technical and regulatory constraints on large-scale implementation.