Introduction. The northern region of Thailand serves as a crucial area for swine production, contributing to the Thai community food supply. Previous studies have highlighted the presence of foodborne bacterial pathogens originating from swine farms in this region, posing a threat to both human and animal health. Gap statement. Multiple swine bacterial pathogens have been studied at a species level, but the distribution and co-occurrence of bacterial pathogens in agricultural swine has not been well established. Aim. Our study employed the intestinal scraping technique to directly examine the bacterial micro-organisms interacting with the swine host. Methodology. We used shotgun metagenomic sequencing to analyse the bacterial pathogens inhabiting the caecal microbiome of swine from five commercial farms in northern Thailand. Results. A variety of pathogenic and opportunistic bacteria were identified, including Escherichia coli , Clostridium botulinum , Staphylococcus aureus and the Corynebacterium genus. From a One Health perspective, these species are important foodborne and opportunistic pathogens in both humans and agricultural animals, making swine a critical pathogen reservoir that can cause illness in humans, especially farm workers. Additionally, the swine caecal microbiome contains commensal bacteria such as Bifidobacterium , Lactobacillus and Faecalibacterium , which are associated with normal physiology and feed utilization in healthy swine. Antimicrobial resistance genes were also detected in all samples, specifically conferring resistance to tetracycline and aminoglycosides, which have historically been used extensively in swine farming. Conclusion. The findings further support the need for improved sanitation standards in swine farms, and additional monitoring of agricultural animals and farm workers to reduce contamination and improved produce safety for human consumption.

Bacterial respiratory disease is one of the major concerns in the modern pig industry. To address the limitations of culture-based methods, 16S rRNA sequencing was employed to characterize the pig lung microbiome to gain a better understanding of microbial physiology and their population genetics. A batch of 510 slaughtered pigs from a farm located in Lampang province, Thailand, was selected. Individual pig weight was recorded. A total of 24 lungs (10 normal and 14 pneumonic lungs) were sampled for gross lesion examination and lung microbial communities were investigated. Poor growth performance and weight uniformity were denoted in this batch. Several pathogenic bacteria were detected in both normal and pneumonic lungs. Microbial diversity was decreased in the pneumonic group. PCoA and NMDS analysis showed a clear separation between the groups. Stenotrophomonas spp. (42.12%) was the dominant genus identified in normal lungs, while Mycoplasma hyopneumoniae (71.97%) was the most abundant in pneumonic lungs, correlating with the commonly observed consolidation lesions. The slaughterhouse serves as a key checkpoint for gathering comprehensive information on pig respiratory health, and lung is representative of the lower respiratory tract for microbiomics. Monitoring of lung lesions should be implemented routinely to gain a better understanding of regional pig respiratory health.

Background: Avian pathogenic Escherichia coli (APEC) are significant bacterial pathogens that cause economic losses in the poultry industry and can pose a potential foodborne zoonotic risk. Herein, we examined APEC distribution and antimicrobial resistance in E. coli isolated from slaughtered broiler chickens in northern Thailand. Methods: PCR was used to classify APEC as either virulent or avirulent on 108 stored E. coli strains, as well as to perform Clermont phylotyping. Antimicrobial susceptibility to ciprofloxacin, cefotaxime, ceftazidime, imipenem, and colistin was examined. Results: Of the 108 E. coli strains, 101 (93.5%) isolates were APEC, and the remaining isolates were non-APEC. Among the APEC isolates, 58.4% were classified as virulent APEC; these isolates showed a statistically significant association with phylogroups F and C and (n = 54, 56.8%) more frequently exhibited a ciprofloxacin-resistant phenotype than avirulent APEC (n = 35, 36.8%). Among the ten APEC virulence genes, hlyF, iroC, iroN, iutA, O78, and ompT were significantly associated with virulent APEC. Conclusions: This study reveals a high prevalence of virulent APEC with fluoroquinolone resistance in slaughtered broiler chickens. Almost all virulent APEC strains belong to phylogroups F and C. The prediction of virulent APEC using hlyF, iroC, iroN, iutA, O78, and ompT may be useful.

Introduction: The northern region of Thailand serves as a crucial area for swine production, contributing to the global food supply. Previous studies have highlighted the presence of foodborne pathogens originating from swine farms in this region, posing a threat to both human and animal health. Gap statement: Multiple swine pathogens have been studied at a species level, but the distribution and co-occurrence of pathogens in agricultural swine has not been well established. Aim: Our study employed the intestinal scraping technique to directly examine the microorganisms interacting with the swine host. Methodology: We used shotgun metagenomic sequencing to analyse the caecal microbiomes of swine from five commercial farms in northern Thailand. Results: Swine caecal microbiomes contained commensal bacteria such as Bifidobacterium , Lactobacillus , and Faecalibacterium , which are associated with healthy physiology and feed utilisation. We also identified multiple pathogenic and opportunistic bacteria present in all samples, including Escherichia coli , Clostridium botulinum , Staphylococcus aureus , and the Corynebacterium genus. From a One Health perspective, these species are important foodborne and opportunistic pathogens in both humans and agricultural animals. Antimicrobial resistance genes were also detected in all samples, specifically conferring resistance to tetracycline and aminoglycosides which have historically been used extensively in swine farming. Conclusion: The findings further support the need for improved sanitation standards in swine farms, and additional monitoring of agricultural animals and farm workers to reduce contamination and improved produce safety for human consumption.

Coccidiosis is one of the most economically important parasitic diseases in poultry, causing intestinal damage, impaired nutrient utilization, and substantial production losses. The extensive use of anticoccidial drugs has raised concerns regarding drug resistance, chemical residues in poultry products, and the environmental burden associated with veterinary drug use, highlighting the need for complementary control strategies. This study evaluated the anticoccidial efficacy of phytogenic formulations containing Curcuma longa and Piper longum extracts prepared using a solid-dispersion technique designed to enhance the dissolution characteristics of poorly water-soluble phytogenic compounds. The in vitro activity of the formulations was evaluated against mixed Eimeria spp. field-isolated oocysts using scanning electron microscopy (SEM) to examine ultrastructural alterations, whereas in vivo efficacy was investigated in broiler chickens experimentally challenged with Eimeria tenella. Cecal lesion scores, oocyst shedding, and growth performance were evaluated as indicators of infection severity and treatment response. SEM observations revealed marked structural damage to mixed Eimeria spp. oocysts following exposure to the phytogenic formulations. In the animal trial, all phytogenic treatment groups exhibited lower cecal lesion scores and reduced oocyst shedding than the infected control group. Among the phytogenic formulations evaluated, the combination containing 6 g/kg P. longum (T3) tended to produce the lowest numerical lesion score and oocyst shedding, although differences among phytogenic treatments were limited. Although some treatment groups also exhibited numerically favorable growth performance under challenge conditions, these observations should be interpreted cautiously because the study was designed primarily as a preliminary evaluation of anticoccidial efficacy, and feed intake and feed conversion ratio were assessed without independent pen-level replication. The observed biological responses may be associated, in part, with the improved dissolution characteristics afforded by the solid-dispersion formulation; however, this proposed mechanism was not directly investigated in the present study. In conclusion, solid-dispersion formulations containing C. longa and P. longum extracts demonstrated promising anticoccidial activity against experimental E. tenella infection and support further investigation as promising phytogenic candidates for complementary coccidiosis control strategies in broiler chickens.

Background/Objectives: Veterinary vaccine manufacturing is essential for controlling transboundary animal diseases, strengthening animal health systems, and supporting livestock development, particularly in Southeast Asia where livestock production continues to expand. However, modernization toward Pharmaceutical Inspection Co-operation Scheme (PIC/S) Good Manufacturing Practice (GMP) compliance remains challenging because it requires coordinated development across regulatory, technical, organizational, financial, and governance domains. This study aimed to develop an evidence-informed strategic framework for veterinary vaccine manufacturing modernization through a structured and systematically documented framework development methodology integrating multidisciplinary evidence and practice-informed implementation experience. Methods: An evidence-informed framework development study was conducted through the multidisciplinary integration of multiple evidence sources, including international regulatory guidance, peer-reviewed scientific literature, multidisciplinary feasibility assessment, and practice-informed implementation experience derived from a government-commissioned consultancy project. Framework development followed a structured methodology comprising evidence collection, evidence categorization, multidisciplinary evidence synthesis, framework development, iterative refinement, and expert-informed validation. Only generalized methodological principles and potentially transferable implementation knowledge were incorporated to ensure confidentiality of project-specific information. Results: Multidisciplinary evidence synthesis identified ten evidence domains encompassing regulatory, technical, organizational, economic, legal, environmental, governance, workforce, infrastructure, and implementation considerations. These domains were translated through a structured process into an evidence-informed strategic framework organized around four sequential modernization phases—Design, Construction, Validation, and Continuous Improvement—supported by cross-cutting strategic enablers. Iterative refinement through expert review, technical consultation, and implementation verification strengthened the framework’s scientific consistency, regulatory alignment, and practical applicability. Conclusions: Veterinary vaccine manufacturing modernization should be regarded as a multidisciplinary organizational transformation rather than solely as an infrastructure or engineering project. Beyond proposing a strategic framework, this study provides a transparent, systematically documented and traceable methodology for translating multidisciplinary evidence into strategic decision-support tools. The proposed framework may assist governments, regulatory authorities, vaccine manufacturers, and researchers in developing evidence-informed modernization strategies for veterinary biological manufacturing systems, particularly in low- and middle-income countries, subject to adaptation to specific regulatory, technical, institutional, and resource contexts.