Cardiac arrhythmias refer to any abnormality or disturbance in the normal activation sequence of the myocardium and may be indicative of structural heart disease and the cause of significant cardiovascular complications and sudden cardiac death. The following review summarizes the current state-of-the-art knowledge on the role of echocardiography in the management of cardiac arrhythmias and focuses on atrial fibrillation and ventricular arrhythmias where echocardiography presents a particular diagnostic and prognostic interest. Moreover, a brief reference is made to the effect of cardiac arrhythmias and conduction abnormalities on echocardiographic examination.

Aortic valve stenosis (AS) is a prevalent and progressive valvular disease that poses significant diagnostic challenges, particularly in low-flow, low-gradient (LF-LG) states. Accurate assessment of AS severity is crucial for timely intervention and improved clinical outcomes. This narrative review critically evaluates the limitations of conventional echocardiographic techniques and explores the role of multimodal imaging—including advanced echocardiography, computed tomography (CT), and cardiac magnetic resonance (CMR)—in enhancing diagnostic accuracy. Special emphasis is placed on the unique challenges of LF-LG AS, where standard Doppler-derived assessments may misclassify disease severity, necessitating a more integrative diagnostic approach. By addressing these key diagnostic uncertainties and proposing a multimodal framework for improved assessment, this review provides a comprehensive update on best practices in AS evaluation, with the goal of optimizing clinical decision making and patient outcomes.