Congenital diaphragmatic hernia (CDH) is a relatively rare and severe developmental disease. Even with the most recent multidisciplinary therapies, the risk for neonatal mortality and morbidity remains high. Recent advancements in prenatal treatments, alongside experimental and clinical data, suggest that fetoscopic endoluminal tracheal occlusion (FETO) promotes lung development and offers a promising strategy against lung hypoplasia and pulmonary hypertension. It is the only existing direct mechanical therapy that intervenes in the regulation of pulmonary pressure. Its influence on lung development also interferes with tissue homeostasis and cell differentiation; it also enhances inflammation and apoptosis. Its physiopathology on cellular and molecular levels is still poorly understood. Unfortunately, the procedure also carries significant pregnancy-, maternal-, and fetus-related risks. Assessing a multifaceted intervention requires a collective view of all aspects. This scoping review uncovers potential materno-fetal procedure-related risks and highlights innovative solutions. Future research on lung development therapies in CDH may focus on the “dual hit” mechanism, combining molecular-targeting drugs and regenerative medicine with the mechanical nature of FETO for synergistic effects.

Background: Childhood extranodal B-cell non-Hodgkin’s lymphomas are often caused by Burkitt’s lymphoma (BL). Treatment usually involves intensive polychemotherapy, and recent prospective trials show significantly improved outcomes. Surgery primarily involves conducting biopsies; ablative interventions are not recommended. However, in cases of severe presentation, such as an acute abdomen, emergency surgery may be necessary. Methods: We present the case of a 17-year-old boy who underwent emergency surgery due to intestinal obstruction caused by a tumor mass. An exploratory laparoscopy was performed due to abdominal wall infiltrates, and a large intraabdominal mass was discovered in the ileocaecal region. The tumor and tumor infiltrates were successfully removed en bloc in a minimally invasive laparoscopy-assisted fashion. Results: The postoperative course was favorable, and chemotherapy was started. Histopathology confirmed the diagnosis of BL. Follow-up examinations, including a positron emission tomography (PET) scan, showed no tumor recurrence. More than two years later, the patient remains asymptomatic with negative PET scans. Conclusions: Laparoscopy-assisted removal can be useful for pediatric solid abdominal tumors with abdominal wall infiltrates that cause obstruction. Surgeons must assess indications and procedures based on imaging and findings during emergency interventions. The role of ablative MIS in pediatric BL is limited.

Background/Objectives: Benign bone tumors and tumor-like conditions are commonly encountered in the pediatric population, often discovered incidentally during radiographic evaluation or presenting with symptoms such as pain, swelling, or pathologic fractures. Despite their benign nature, these lesions can significantly impact bone integrity and function. The objective of this study was to characterize the epidemiology, histopathological spectrum and management of benign bone tumors in a pediatric population. Methods: We conducted a retrospective observational single-center study of pediatric patients diagnosed with benign bone tumors or tumor-like lesions between 2013 and 2023. Clinical presentations, radiological findings, histopathological diagnoses, and treatment modalities were reviewed. Biopsy results and surgical indications were analyzed to assess diagnostic yield and therapeutic strategies. Results: Among the 253 biopsies performed, 220 cases (86.6%) were diagnosed as benign tumors, with osteochondromas being the most common (62.3%). The majority of cases involved the appendicular skeleton, with a male predominance. Simple bone cysts, aneurysmal bone cysts, and nonossifying fibromas were also frequently observed. Pathological fractures were documented in 5.45% of cases. Surgical intervention was indicated in patients with symptomatic lesions, pathological fractures, or radiological signs of structural instability. Conclusions: Benign bone tumors and tumor-like lesions in pediatric patients, although non-malignant, may lead to significant skeletal complications. Our findings highlight the importance of structured diagnostic evaluation and individualized treatment planning based on lesion type, location and clinical presentation. Early radiological assessment combined with histopathological confirmation plays a key role in preventing complications and optimizing outcomes. A multidisciplinary approach remains essential in the comprehensive management of these conditions.

Background: We proposed a comprehensive clinicopathological study involving the characterization of the study cohort and a comparative analysis of biopsies and surgical specimens from patients with Hirschsprung’s disease. The study was complemented by the diagnostic value of calretinin, CD56, and S-100 immunohistochemistry. Methods: Descriptive statistical analysis of diagnostic variables in the group of biopsy specimens (n = 32) and bowel resection specimens (n = 16) was performed. The pattern of calretinin and CD56 expression in Meissner’s plexus elements was analyzed and the maximum thicknesses of the nerve fibers were measured using morphometry with S100-immunostained sections. Conclusions: Coupled calretinin–CD56 immunohistochemistry is useful in diagnosing ganglion cell paucity biopsies or specimens with incomplete submucosa. In cases where there are no ganglion cells but there are calretinin-positive nerve fibrils in the lamina propria without nerve trunk (NT) hypertrophy, re-biopsy is the best solution. The significant differences in NT size between biopsies and surgical specimens highlight the importance of assessing NT diameter in all tissue samples examined.

Background/Objectives: The radiological and clinical outcomes of elastic stable intramedullary nailing (ESIN) for pediatric humeral solitary bone cysts (SBCs) were assessed, with particular attention to healing, recurrence, complications, and functional recovery. Methods: This retrospective institutional study included 25 children with humeral solitary bone cysts treated with elastic stable intramedullary nailing between January 2019 and December 2025. Patients treated exclusively with ESIN and with a minimum follow-up of 12 months were included. Radiographic healing was assessed using the Capanna classification. Clinical outcomes included pain, range of motion, complications, refracture, and recurrence. Results: The cohort consisted of 16 boys (64%) and 9 girls (36%), with a median age of 11 years. Pathological fractures were present in 56% of cases. A total of 29 surgical procedures were performed, including growth-related implant exchanges in selected patients. Cyst dimensions decreased progressively during follow-up (p < 0.001). At final evaluation, 64% of lesions demonstrated complete healing (Capanna I), 28% incomplete healing (Capanna II), and 8% recurrence (Capanna III); no cases of non-response were observed. No recurrent fractures or postoperative complications occurred. Pain resolved within one month in all patients, and a full range of motion was restored. Conclusions: Elastic stable intramedullary nailing appears to provide reliable stabilization and promotes cyst healing in pediatric humeral SBCs, with low recurrence rates and excellent functional outcomes.

Background: Kawasaki disease (KD) is a systemic vasculitis, of unknown etiology, that usually occurs in children between the ages of six months and five years. Patients at the extremes of ages rarely meet all the clinical criteria required for the diagnosis of KD. Atypical or incomplete presentation can lead to delayed diagnosis and treatment, resulting in a higher incidence of cardiac complications. Case Presentation: We describe the case of a 2-month-old female infant who was admitted to our clinic with persistent fever, generalized maculopapular rash and bilateral conjunctivitis. During hospitalization, she developed oral mucosa and extremity changes. On the 7th day from the onset of fever, the diagnosis of KD was established, and she received intravenous immunoglobulin therapy. The patient responded well to the treatment, presenting no cardiac complications. Conclusions: The presented case underscores that even very young infants can develop complete Kawasaki disease. It also highlights the importance of early identification and appropriate treatment in preventing coronary artery lesions.