Diffuse lung diseases (DLD) are characterized by different immunophenotypes in the bronchoalveolar lavage fluid (BALF). We aimed to evaluate the diagnostic value of BALF NK and NKT cell counts of patients with DLD and lymphocytic alveolitis. We assessed 202 patients with DLD, who underwent BALF immunophenotyping. Samples were routinely processed by flow cytometry and lymphocyte subsets were compared between patients with sarcoidosis (n = 106), hypersensitivity pneumonitis (HP; n = 53), and other DLDs (n = 43). We compared absolute counts and percentages of NK and NKT cells between patients with HP versus the remaining DLD patients. To assess the accuracy of BALF lymphocyte subsets in the diagnosis of HP, we calculated the respective areas under the receiver operating characteristic curves (AUC-ROC). Patients with HP had significantly higher numbers of BALF NK cells, and its percentage was significantly associated with a higher odds of HP, even after adjustment for the NKT and CD8+ cells. For the absolute number of BALF NK cells, we found an AUC-ROC of 0.76 (95%CI = 0.68–0.84) when comparing patients with HP versus the remaining DLD. The cut-offs of 2000 NK cells/mL and of 2.4% NK cells in the BALF had a specificity and a negative predictive value over 80% for the diagnosis of HP. BALF NK cells absolute counts were significantly higher in HP patients with a restrictive pattern. No such differences were observed for NKT cells. BALF NK immunophenotyping may be a helpful adjunct to the diagnostic work-up of DLD, particularly in the differential diagnosis of HP.

This study aimed to assess the acute effects of two isoenergetic but micronutrient-diverse meals—a Mediterranean-like meal (MdM) and a fast food-like meal (FFM)—on the autonomic nervous system (ANS), lung function, and airway inflammation response. Forty-six participants were enrolled in a randomized cross-over clinical trial, consuming two isoenergetic meals: FFM (burger, fries, and sugar-sweetened drink ) and MdM (vegetable soup, whole wheat pasta, salad, olive oil, sardines, fruit, and water). Pupillometry assessed parasympathetic (MaxD, MinD, Con, ACV, MCV) and sympathetic (ADV, T75) nervous system outcomes. Lung function and airway inflammation were measured before and after each meal through spirometry and fractional exhaled nitric oxide (FeNO), respectively. Mixed-effects model analysis showed that MdM was associated with a hegemony of parasympathetic response, with a significant increase of MaxD associated with a faster constriction velocity (ACV and MCV); on the other side, the FFM associated with changes in the sympathetic response, showing a quicker redilation velocity (decreased of T75). After adjusting for confounders, mixed-effects models revealed that the FFM significantly decreased T75. Regarding lung function, a meal negatively impacted FVC (ae= -0.079, p<0.001) and FEV1 (ae= -0.04, p= 0.017); however, FeNO increased, although after adjusting, no difference between meals was seen. In conclusion, our study showed that FFM counteracted the parasympathetic activity of a meal, while a meal, irrespective of the type, decreased lung function and increased airway inflammation.

Background/Objectives: This study aimed to assess the acute effects of two isoenergetic but micronutrient-diverse meals—a Mediterranean-like meal (MdM) and a fast food-like meal (FFM)—on the autonomic nervous system (ANS), lung function, and airway inflammation response. Methods: Forty-six participants were enrolled in a randomized crossover clinical trial, consuming two isoenergetic meals: FFM (burger, fries, and sugar-sweetened drink) and MdM (vegetable soup, whole-wheat pasta, salad, olive oil, sardines, fruit, and water). Pupillometry assessed parasympathetic (MaxD, MinD, Con, ACV, MCV) and sympathetic (ADV, T75) nervous system outcomes. Lung function and airway inflammation were measured before and after each meal through spirometry and fractional exhaled nitric oxide (FeNO), respectively. Results: Mixed-effects model analysis showed that the MdM was associated with a hegemony of parasympathetic responses, with a significant increase of MaxD associated with a faster constriction velocity (ACV and MCV); on the other side, the FFM was associated with changes in the sympathetic response, showing a quicker redilation velocity (a decrease in T75). After adjusting for confounders, the mixed-effects models revealed that the FFM significantly decreased T75. Regarding lung function, a meal negatively impacted FVC (ae = −0.079, p < 0.001) and FEV1 (ae = −0.04, p = 0.017); however, FeNO increased, although after adjusting, no difference between meals was seen. Conclusions: Our study showed that the FFM counteracted the parasympathetic activity of a meal, while a meal, irrespective of the type, decreased lung function and increased airway inflammation.

Os doseamentos séricos de anticorpos específicos para o Aspergillus fumigatus (A. fumigatus) são úteis para a orientação diagnóstica de aspergilose broncopulmonar alérgica (ABPA). Objetivo: Avaliar a sensibilização aos componentes purificados do A. fumigatus por quantificação de anticorpos específicos IgE e IgG no soro de doentes com ABPA ou com asma e sensibilização a fungos, usando como comparadores doentes com asma alérgica não sensibilizados a fungos, doentes com fibrose quística (FQ) sem critérios de ABPA e doentes com aspergiloma pulmonar. Métodos: Avaliação transversal de 57 doentes com os diagnósticos de ABPA (n=13), FQ (n=9), asma sensibilizada a fungos (ASF, n=10), asma alérgica sem sensibilização a fungos (AA, n=18) e aspergiloma (n=7). A determinação das concentrações séricas de IgE e IgG específica (sIgE e sIgG) para A. fumigatus (m3) e cinco dos seus componentes antigénicos recombinantes (rAsp f) rAsp f 1, rAsp f 2, rAsp f 3, rAsp f 4 e rAsp f 6 foi realizada por ImmunoCAP. Resultados: A ABPA diferiu significativamente da ASF, pela sensibilização (sIgE>0,10 kUA/L) ao antigénio intracelular rAsp f 6 (64% versus 0% Qui2=6,2, p=0,013) e pelo aumento significativo da sIgE para o antigénio extracelular rAsp f 1 (45,3; 0,2-33,7kUA/L versus 0,3; 0,1-0,3kUA/L, p=0,041). Os níveis de sIgG para A. fumigatus foram significativamente diferentes entre os grupos (p=0,002). No entanto, os níveis de sIgG para os rAsp f testados não diferiram entre ABPA, ASF, FQ e aspergiloma. Conclusão: A avaliação da resposta IgE ao A. fumigatus para alguns dos seus antigénios excretados (rAsp f 1) e intracelulares (rAsp f 6) parece útil na distinção serológica da ABPA em relação à ASF, permitindo melhorar a classificação dos doentes. Os níveis séricos de IgG para os rAsp f não distinguem os diferentes grupos de doentes sensibilizados, não melhorando a descriminação diagnóstica obtida utilizando o extrato total do A. fumigatus.