The Papaver L. plant (Papaver decaisnei) has ethnobotanical records in many countries including Iraqi Kurdistan. The current study investigates the methanol (99.9) extracts (10μg/mL) of roots, leaves, and flowers of Papaver decaisnei in terms of phytochemistry by gas chromatography-mass spectrophotometry GC-MS, in vitro antioxidant activity by radical scavenging and reducing power assays, and finally, the anticancer actions as IC₅₀ (inhibitory concentration at 50) against human colorectal adenocarcinoma (Caco-2), mammary cancer cells (MCF-7), and human cervical carcinoma (HeLa) cells. The results showed 22, 19, and 17 chemicals for roots, leaves, and flowers of P. decaisnei, respectively. The prevalent organic compounds of P. decaisnei were alkaloids (62.03), phenolics (55.43), fatty acids (42.51), esters (32.08), terpenoids (25.59), and phytosterols (15.68), namely, roemerine (70.44), 9,12,15-octadecatrien-1-ol (37.45), hexadecanoic acid (33.72), decarbomethoxytabersonine (24.49), and γ-sitosterol (11.22). The antioxidant activity of plant organs was within 39.1143.5μg/mL for DPPH, 135.4276.4μg/mL for ABTS, 12.434.3μg/mL for FRAP, and 42.675.8μg/mL for CUPRAC assays. The anticancer of P. decaisnei was found as 125.3388.4μg/mL against all tested cell lines (Caco-2, MCF-7, and HeLa). The detected alkaloids and bioactivity of P. decaisnei encourage future isolation of those remarkable alkaloids (reomerine) for potential usage in the pharmaceutical industry.

The maritime industry, a cornerstone of global trade, faces mounting pressure to improve energy efficiency and minimize environmental impact. To address this, a systematic review is proposed to analyze trends and advancements, aiming to improve the energy efficiency of ships. This review comprehensively examines contemporary methodologies and persistent challenges in assessing ship energy efficiency. We analyze recent advancements in ship design and operational practices that promote efficiency gains. Additionally, we explore the evolution of regulatory frameworks and industry standards governing energy efficiency assessment. Key challenges, including data availability, measurement accuracy, and technological limitations, are scrutinized along with potential solutions. This review aims to equip researchers, practitioners, and policymakers with a comprehensive understanding of the current landscape, paving the way for future research and policy initiatives that drive sustainable maritime transportation.

The International Maritime Organization (IMO) is the regulator for the safety and pollution prevention of ships. They have set an ambitious target of driving International Shipping to achieve net-zero greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions in 2050 by the process of decarbonization of shipping. Decarbonization of shipping is integral to sustainability, as it can reduce GHG emissions and provide a clean environment in a world that is conducive to the good health and well-being of our future kith and kin. Decarbonization of shipping may be achieved using alternate low-carbon fuels, a more efficient ship operation to save energy, or redesigning the ship’s hull. The purpose of this article is to conduct a bibliometric analysis of the research papers conducted in the past decade on the initiatives adopted by the shipping industry to work towards the net-zero goal. This study utilizes the Scopus database, renowned for its extensive collection of scientific papers. Moreover, to analyze and visualize the data, the bibliometric software tools VOSviewer 1.6.20, Bibliometrix 4.4.0, and Harzings’ 8.17.4863 have been used. These tools facilitated the assessment of the research output in this bibliometric study. Our findings reveal a steady increase in publications over the years, with a notable rise in research interest from 2015 onward. The most frequently discussed topics include greenhouse gases, emission control, and energy efficiency, with notable contributions from the United Kingdom, China, and Scandinavian countries. The study also highlights the leading journals publishing about this research area. Future research directions include exploring alternative fuels and more inclusive policy frameworks for maritime decarbonization.

The International Maritime Organization (IMO) aims to reduce greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions by 40% by 2030 compared with 2008. The carbon intensity indicator (CII) calculates the annual reduction factor required to continuously improve a ship's operational carbon intensity at a specific rating level. Verification and documentation of the achieved annual operational CII against the prescribed target are necessary to establish the operational carbon intensity rating. This study focuses on the intricate process of data collection for CII within the oil shipping industry, targeting engineering departments and shipboard management teams. Against the backdrop of the industry's substantial carbon dioxide emissions, the IMO has mandated the calculation of CII values for ships exceeding 5000 gross tons to promote sustainability and reduce environmental impact. We have collected emission data of 20 oil tankers over a period of 2 years using our ship maintenance and operating system (SMOS) and analyzed the data to compare the CII ratings. Our results indicate that a staggering ~63% of the vessels had the lowest CII rating of category E. It is therefore crucial to properly collect, organize, and evaluate data for CII calculation and take necessary measures to improve rating. This paper provides a deeper insight into the evolving CII calculation methodology, emphasizing the incorporation of correction factors and exclusions, and delineates the essential data collection practices needed to facilitate accurate CII calculations.

Daily operations onboard ships are very challenging due to man–machine interactions. To improve daily operational safety and to prevent losses due to machinery breakdown, effective risk management techniques need to be developed, considering various operational and environmental factors affecting the seafarers' performance. The current study explains the comparison between simulation and conventional classroom training to enhance safety in maritime operations in compromised environments. The contribution of this study lies in introducing the concept of social fidelity in simulator‐based training. This study bridges the gap between computer technology and collaborative learning activities in simulator‐based training. The result obtained through the simulation improves marine engineers' training and enhances the reliability of marine engines. This paper concludes by proposing a set of recommendations for the future design of simulator‐based training for marine engineers.