To control swelling of soil it is necessary to possess a wide knowledge base in order to prevent damage to the structure constructed on such soils. Control of swelling is a major concern and soil improvement methods have attracted many investigations on clayey soils. Various techniques have been designed considering different aspects; economy, soil properties, time of application, availability of materials, environment among others. This study presents a wide review about definition and stabilization of swelling soils using traditional method such as (hydrophobants, binder, polymer, cement, sand, fly ash, lime and feldspar metal) and green technology method such as (saline water and magnetic water) to mitigate the swelling potential. Significant emphasis is being placed on innovative methods like saline solutions and magnetic water, which enhance the bonding between soil particles and improve soil strength. These eco-friendly, low-cost green techniques offer a more sustainable alternative to conventional methods.

The study demonstrates the importance of surface and subsurface hydrology to enhance the performance of the photovoltaic (PV) solar farm in Muthanna Governorate, which lies in the area of ignorance that underestimates the consequences of shallow depth of groundwater (that diminishes efficiency) and the threats of flash floods and dust storms in the desertscape. The study was based on an integrated analytical and quantitative approach, including 2D hydrological modeling (HEC-RAS 2D) and separate statistical modeling relating environmental factors to panel performance, as well as assessing the potential for floating Hydro-PV systems, in an effort to offer a sustainable template to project managers. It was found that groundwater depth is a critical parameter with a negative influence and that a hydrologically designed rainwater harvesting (RWH) system can meet over 60% of the annual washing demand for an anticipated 4.85% improvement in total generation efficiency. Furthermore, the study confirmed that modeling-based engineering protective measures can reduce flooding and sediment erosion in drainage basins by over 70%, and demonstrated that floating hybrid projects (Hydro-PV) are the most strategically sound, yielding the greatest internal rate of return and conserving thousands of cubic meters of water evaporated each year.