In the present work, the anthelmintic activity (AA) of ethanolic extracts obtained from Gliricidia sepium, Leucaena leucocephala, and Pithecellobium dulce was evaluated using the third-stage-larval (L₃) exsheathment inhibition test (LEIT) and egg hatch test (EHT) on Haemonchus contortus. Extracts were tested at concentrations of 0.3, 0.6, 1.2, 2.5, 5.0, 10, 20, and 40 mg/mL. The larval exsheathment inhibition (LEI) results showed that G. sepium achieved the highest average inhibition of 91.2%, compared with 44.6% for P. dulce and 41.0% for L. leucocephala at a concentration of 40 mg/mL; the corresponding IC₅₀ values were 22.4, 41.7, and 43.3 mg/mL, respectively. The rates of egg hatching inhibition (EHI) at a concentration of 5 mg/mL were 99.5% for G. sepium, 64.2% for P. dulce, and 54% for L. leucocephala; the corresponding IC₅₀ values were 1.9 mg/mL for G. sepium, 3.9 mg/mL for P. dulce, and 4.3 mg/mL for L. leucocephala. The species extracts studied here were also analyzed by ultra-high performance liquid chromatography and Orbitrap high resolution mass spectrometry (UHPLC-Q/Orbitrap/MS/MS), resulting in the compounds’ identification associated with AA. Glycosylated flavonoids and methoxyphenols were observed in all three species: fatty acids in G. sepium and P. dulce; phenylpropanoids, anthraquinone glycosides, amino acids and glycosylated phenolic acids in G. sepium; and flavonoids in L. leucocephala. Comparatively, G. sepium presented a greater diversity of compounds potentially active against the control of gastrointestinal nematodes, which was associated with the results obtained in the applied tests.

Biological control of gastrointestinal nematodes is an alternative to chemical parasitic treatments. Nematophagous fungi can be developed as biological control products for gastrointestinal nematodes due to their capacity to produce traps that capture nematodes. Nevertheless, the lack of knowledge regarding the mass production of chlamydospores limits the production of biological products as alternatives to traditional antihelminthics. This study evaluated single and bi-phasic fermentation systems with three fermentation subsystems (entire grain, milled grain with low water content and milled grain with high water content) and four substrates (rice, barley, corn, and wheat), on the chlamydospores production of the nematophagous fungus Duddingtonia flagrans. The highest chlamydospores concentration was achieved using a bi-phasic fermentation system with rice as a substrate with a solid fermentation subsystem, which produced 2.01 × 10⁸ chlamydospores g⁻¹ after 14 days of fermentation.

Resistance structures such as chlamydospores produced by the fungus Duddingtonia flagrans allow the reduction of infectious larvae from gastrointestinal nematodes. The objective of this research was to study the effect of carbon and nitrogen sources on the production of chlamydospores of the fungus in a solid state fermentation system (SSF). Twelve substances were studied using a statistical strategy, evaluating their effect on the production of Chlamydospores Finally, using an optimization strategy, the modifications of the substances that favor the production of chlamydospores were defined, and the effect of these on the predatory capacity of the fungus was evaluated. Optimal conditions were the variability of 0.25% w / w ammonium sulfate and 0.56% w / w sodium acetate in broken rice. The maximum concentration reached under this condition was 2.27x107 chlamydospores g of dry substrate-1, with a productivity of 1.62x106 chlamydospores g of dry substrate-1 day-1.

The in vitro anthelmintic effect of the extracts on Haemonchus contortus (H. contortus) of three forage species in the tropical dry forest is known; however, there is no information about the effects of the extract partitions, nor their chemical composition. The objectives of this study were to evaluate the in vitro ovicidal activity of H. contortus in extract partitions of the species Gliricidia sepium, Leucaena leucocephala, and Pithecellobium dulce, and to identify the compounds present in the extract partitions with the highest activity by employing ultra HPLC Quadrupole orbitrap mass spectrometry. Four extract partitions, hexane, dichloromethane, ethyl acetate, and hydroethanolic from the three forage species were assessed in an inhibition of egg hatching (IEH) assay. The extract partitions with the highest anthelmintic activity (AA) were subjected to analysis, from which the tentative identification of the compounds was established. The extract partitions, including dichloromethane from Gliricidia sepium, ethyl acetate from Leucaena leucocephala, and hydroethanolic from Pithecellobium dulce showed a greater anthelmintic effect, with IC₅₀ values of 0.39, 0.86, and 0.27 mg/mL for the IEH, respectively. Metabolites with in vitro AA potential included flavonoids, fatty acid esters, hydroxycinnamic acids, organic oxygenated compounds of the benzene class and substituted derivatives, phenolic glycosides, and phenols.

Objective. The objective of this observational cross-sectional study was to investigate associations between farmers’ mental health scores for stress, anxiety, depression, and resilience, and sheep welfare outcomes. Materials and methods. Twenty-two sheep farms in the departments of Boyacá, Cundinamarca, Tolima, and Meta, Colombia, were visited once. Clinical health, cleanliness, and calmness of randomly selected sheep per farm were scored to identify the number of animals with different welfare problems such as lameness, hoof overgrowth, and mastitis. A face-to-face interview with the farmer was done to gather demographic information (farm size and year of establishment, gender, age, role at the farm, and education) and to complete validated psychometric scales to assess resilience, stress, anxiety, and depression. Linear regression models were used to evaluate associations between farmers’ mental health scores, demographic aspects, and within-flock prevalence of sheep welfare indicators. Results. A total of 427 sheep were evaluated across farms. The most prevalent welfare problems identified were hoof overgrowth (40.9%) and dirty fleece (32.9%), while the least prevalent were clinical mastitis (1.3%) and respiratory issues (1.2%). Farmers’ stress level was positively associated with the prevalence of clinically lame sheep and farm size. Anxiety was positively associated with the prevalence of sheep with dirty fleece, clinical lameness, and with being a female farmer. Depression was positively associated with the prevalence of hoof overgrowth. Conclusions. Findings showed that higher levels of stress, anxiety, and depression among farmers were associated with the presence of animal welfare problems, larger farms, and gender.