The rapid development of the residential and industrial sectors produces a huge amount of treated domestic wastewater. The treated wastewater is discharged and could affect the environment in the long term. Improving the quality of treated domestic wastewater for water reclamation would benefit both sectors. This study aims to determine the efficiency of the biofilm-phytoremediation integration process in reclaiming domestic wastewater. A cuboid-shaped reactor was filled with 15 L of domestic wastewater, utilizing water hyacinth and a polyethylene carrier as supporting media for the process. The integrated reactor is tested in two phases: the initial adaptation of bacteria with domestic and synthetic wastewater (Phase I) and the integration process of biofilm-phytoremediation, based on the factors of NH₃-N concentration and hydraulic retention time (HRT), for 24 to 48 h (Phase II). In Phase II, pollutant removal was observed at varying NH₃-N concentrations: C1 (11–13 mg/L), C2 (9–11 mg/L), and C3 (3–5 mg/L). The study’s findings indicate a consistent performance in the first phase, with removal rates for COD and NH₃-N ranging between 86.7–100.0% and 79.0–99.6%, respectively. The reactor effectively removed pollutants at varying concentrations of NH₃-N, with average removal up to 100% (COD), 99% (NH₃-N), and 80% (PO₄³⁻). This integrated reactor shows the finest treated water quality outcomes for non-potable water recovery, as well as offers an alternative to resolve water scarcity for use in various sectors.

As the use of products containing contaminants of emerging concern (CECs) is gradually amplifying through daily progression, the accumulation of these pollutants in wastewater continues to increase. The characteristics of these components, which persist in water for long periods, mean that they have various negative impacts on humans and the environment. Although many research studies are being conducted to find solutions for the removal of CECs from wastewater, there is still a gap regarding this issue. In order to promote green technology and sustainability, and to support sustainable development goals, this paper discusses a novel immobilised microalgae–photocatalytic membrane system for future research and further refinement. This system is expected to provide a deeper understanding of the mechanisms for CEC removal. The correlations between photocatalytic membranes, with up to 90% removal, and microalgae, with >99% removal of CECs, are elucidated. This review also focuses on system optimisation, including the selection of membrane materials and nanoparticles, the types of microalgae used and their efficiency, and the operating conditions. The proposed integrated system is conceptually aligned with the concept of the circular economy: the aim is to enhance CEC removal and produce high-quality treated water that could contribute to future non-potable water reclamation. However, its suitability has not been experimentally demonstrated and requires intensive study to prevent long-term impact of CECs on humans and the environment.