We ascertained two large Pakistani consanguineous families (PKDF231 and PKDF608) segregating profound hearing loss, vestibular dysfunction, and retinitis pigmentosa; the defining features of Usher syndrome type 1 (USH1). To date, seven USH1 loci have been reported. Here, we map a novel locus, USH1K, on chromosome 10p11.21–q21.1. In family PKDF231, we performed a genome-wide linkage screen and found a region of homozygosity shared among the affected individuals at chromosome 10p11.21–q21.1. Meiotic recombination events in family PKDF231 define a critical interval of 11.74 cM (20.20 Mb) bounded by markers D10S1780 (63.83 cM) and D10S546 (75.57 cM). Affected individuals of family PKDF608 were also homozygous for chromosome 10p11.21–q21.1-linked STR markers. Of the 85 genes within the linkage interval, PCDH15, GJD4, FZD4, RET and LRRC18 were sequenced in both families, but no potential pathogenic mutation was identified. The USH1K locus overlaps the non-syndromic deafness locus DFNB33 raising the possibility that the two disorders may be caused by allelic mutations.

Human hereditary deafness at the DFNB29 locus on chromosome 21q22.1 is caused by recessive mutations of CLDN14, encoding claudin 14. This tight junction protein is tetramembrane spanning that localizes to the apical tight junctions of organ of Corti hair cells and in many other tissues. Typically, the DFNB29 phenotype is characterized by prelingual, bilateral, sensorineural hearing loss. The goal of this study was to define the identity and frequency of CLDN14 mutations and associated inner ear phenotypes in a cohort of 800 Pakistani families segregating deafness. Hearing loss in 15 multi-generational families was found to co-segregate with CLDN14-linked STR markers. The sequence of the six exons and regions flanking the introns of CLDN14 in these 15 families revealed five likely pathogenic alleles. Two are novel missense substitutions (p.Ser87Ile and p.Ala94Val), whereas p.Arg81His, p.Val85Asp and p.Met133ArgfsX23 have been reported previously. Haplotype analyses indicate that p.Val85Asp and p.Met133ArgfsX23 are founder mutations. The p.Val85Asp accounts for ∼67% of the mutant alleles of CLDN14 in our cohort. Combined with the previously reported data, CLDN14 mutations were identified in 18 of 800 Pakistani families (2.25; 95% CI, 1.4–3.5). Hearing loss in the affected individuals homozygous for CLDN14 mutations varied from moderate to profound. This phenotypic variability may be due to environmental factors (for example drug and noise exposure) and/or genetic modifiers.

Mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) are being used to treat many diseases as they exhibit great regenerative potential. However, MSC’s transplantation sometimes does not yield the maximum regenerative outcome as they are unable to survive in inflammatory conditions. Several approaches including preconditioning are used to improve the survival rate of mesenchymal stem cells. One such recently reported approach is preconditioning MSCs with plant extracts. The present study was designed to evaluate the effect of Daphne mucronata extract on stressed human adipose-derived mesenchymal stem cells (hADMSCs). Isolated hADMSCs were preconditioned with different concentrations of Daphne muconata extract and the protective, proliferative, antioxidant and anti-inflammatory effect was assessed through various assays and expression analysis of inflammatory markers regulated through NF-κB pathway. Results suggest that preconditioning hADMSCs with Daphne mucronata increased the cell viability, proliferative and protective potential of hADMSCs with a concomitant reduction in LDH, ROS and elevation in SOD activity. Moreover, both the ELISA and gene expression analysis demonstrated down regulations of inflammatory markers (IL1-β, TNF-α, p65, p50, MMP13) in Daphne mucronata preconditioned hADMSCs as compared to stress. This is the first study to report the use of MIA induced oxidative stress against hADMSC’s and effect of Daphne mucronata on stressed hADMSCs. Results of these studies provided evidence that Daphne mucronata protects the hADMSCs during stress conditions by down regulating the inflammatory markers and hence increase the viability and proliferative potential of hADMSCs that is crucial for transplantation purposes. Graphical abstract

Inflammatory microenvironment after transplantation affects the proliferation and causes senescence of adipose-derived mesenchymal stem cells (hADMSCs) thus compromising their clinical efficacy. Priming stem cells with herbal extracts is considered very promising to improve their viability in the inflammatory milieu.Aesculus indica(A.indica) is used to treat many inflammatory diseases in Asia for decades. Herein, we explored the protective role ofA.indicaextract on human adipose-derived Mesenchymal Stem Cells (hADMSCs) against Monosodium Iodoacetate (MIA) induced stressin vitro.A.indicaameliorated the injury as depicted by significantly enhanced proliferation, viability, improved cell migration and superoxide dismutase activity. Furthermore, reduced lactate dehydrogenase activity, reactive oxygen species release, senescent and apoptotic cells were detected inA.indicaprimed hADMSCs. Downregulation of NF-κB pathway and associated inflammatory genes, NF-κB p65/RelA and p50/NF-κB 1, Interleukin 6 (IL-6), Interleukin 1 (IL-1β), Tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNF-α) and matrix metalloproteinase 13 (MMP-13) were observed inA.indicaprimed hADMSCs as compared to stressed hADMSCs. Complementary to gene expression,A.indicapriming reduced the release of transcription factor p65, inhibitory-κB kinase (IKK) α and β, IL-1β and TNF-α proteins expression. Our data elucidates thatA.indicaextract preconditioning rescued hADMSCs against oxidative stress and improved their therapeutic potential by relieving inflammation through regulation of NF-κB pathway.