More than half of the people with TB in India seek care from the private sector, where suboptimal quality of care is a concern. Significant progress has been made over the last five years to expand the coverage and to involve more private sector providers in TB care under the National TB Elimination Program (NTEP) in India. The objective of this review is to describe the major efforts and the progress made with regard to the engagement of the ‘for-profit’ private health service delivery sector for TB care in India, to critically discuss this, and to suggest the way forward. We described the recent efforts by the NTEP for private sector engagement based on the literature, including strategy documents, guidelines, annual reports, evaluation studies, and critically looked at the strategies against the vision of partnership. The NTEP has taken a variety of approaches, including education, regulation, provision of cost-free TB services, incentives, and partnership schemes to engage the private sector. As a result of all these interventions, private sector contribution has increased substantially, including TB notification, follow-up, and treatment success. However, these still fall short of achieving the set targets. Strategies were focused more towards the purchase of services rather than creating sustainable partnerships. There are no major strategies to engage the diverse set of providers, including informal health care providers and chemists, who are the first point of contact for a significant number of people with TB. India needs an integrated private sector engagement policy focusing on ensuring standards of TB care for every citizen. The NTEP should adopt an approach specifically tailored to the various categories of providers. For meaningful inclusion of the private sector, it is also essential to build understanding and generate data intelligence for better decision making, strengthen the platforms for engagement, and expand the social insurance coverage.

Objectives: The study was conducted to identify and compile gaps in the Knowledge, Attitudes, and Practices (KAP) regarding Antimicrobial Resistance (AMR) among healthcare workers in India.Methods: A systematic review of published literature from PubMed, Google Scholar, and Scopus databases was conducted in compliance with the PRISMA guidelines. The inclusion criteria focused on studies evaluating KAP toward AMR among various healthcare workers in India without restricting context to specific diseases. We included articles published from inception to December 2023.Results: Following the inclusion criterion, 19 studies were selected for the review. The study has a cumulative sample size of 4,544 healthcare providers across India. We found that doctors and medical students have significant knowledge about AMR, followed by nurses and pharmacists. However, the attitudes toward AMR were higher among informal providers, followed by doctors and medical students. The study also observed a gap between theoretical knowledge and practical application of AMR principles among healthcare providers in India.Conclusion: The study highlights the need for targeted training and policy interventions to bridge the gap between KAP regarding AMR. Healthcare providers can significantly contribute to mitigating AMR threat by improving KAP related to AMR. This systematic review provides a foundation for developing and implementing effective evidence-based strategies to enhance AMR containment in India.

Cardiovascular disease is among the leading causes of mortality and morbidity globally. Over three-quarters of CVD-related deaths now occur in low- and middle-income countries (LMICs); India accounts for one-fifth of global CVD-related deaths, especially among the younger population. The objective of this study was to evaluate the prevalence of CVD among the Indian adult population. We systematically searched Scopus and PubMed from January 2000 to December 2024 to identify relevant articles and pooled the prevalence of CVD using random-effects meta-analysis. Among the 14,647 records screened, 501 full-text articles were assessed for eligibility and 15 studies were included in the final analysis. The pooled prevalence of CVD was 11% (95% CI: 0.09–0.17). Subgroup analysis showed prevalence rates of 12% among males and 14% among females. Urban areas had a higher prevalence (12%) compared to rural areas (6%), with a significant difference. Our study shows the significant prevalence of cardiovascular disease (CVD) in India, particularly in urban areas, with slightly higher rates among females. Focused public health strategies are required to mitigate the growing burden of CVD, along with preventive measures, to reduce further increases in disease prevalence and related fatalities.

Journal of Clinical and Diagnostic Research aims to publish findings of doctors at grass root level and post graduate students, so that all unique medical experiences are recorded in literature.