Background: The varicella-zoster virus is a highly contagious human herpesvirus that primarily causes varicella (chickenpox) as an initial infection, targeting T cells, neurons, as well as skin cells, and can later reactivate to cause herpes zoster (shingles). Following reactivation, the varicella-zoster virus infection can lead to severe complications, the most common of which is postherpetic neuralgia. Risk factors include aging, immunosuppression, chronic diseases such as diabetes, cardiovascular disorders, respiratory conditions, and others. Objective: In this article, we present an analysis of factors increasing the risk of herpes zoster occurrence, complications, and recurrences (in particular in immunocompromised patients).

Background: The varicella–zoster virus (VZV) is a human herpesvirus that primarily causes varicella (chickenpox) as an initial infection, characterized by distinctive skin lesions. It can later reactivate, leading to herpes zoster (shingles). Once reactivated, VZV infection may result in serious complications, the most common being postherpetic neuralgia. Fortunately, vaccination can prevent this condition. Objectives: In this study, we provide a comprehensive analysis of zoster vaccines, including clinical trials, safety profiles, and reimbursement guidelines across various countries. Results: Our findings confirm the vaccine’s effectiveness and safety across diverse populations, aligning with previous clinical trials and real-world data, and summarize global vaccination guidelines.

Introduction: Blood sugar level impairment, especially diabetes mellitus (DM) is a significant problem. DM leads to many serious complications. Patients suffering from cardiac failure (HF) and diabetes have a risk of hospitalization increased 1.5 times compared to the control group without DM. That is why it is very important to keep appropriate glycemic control. β-blockers, are considered to cause a blood glucose level impairment. The relationship between the use of β-blockers and the development of DM is one of the most interesting and controversial issues in diabetology. Despite many benefits, some doctors are reluctant to prescribe β-blockers because of perceived negative metabolic effects.Aim of study: The purpose of the study was to review the literature describing oral β-blockers, used in HF, influence on glucose metabolism and to discover the best β-blocker treatment for cardiac failured diabetics and prediabetics. Methods: A systemic review was conducted using PubMed, ScienceDirect, Google Scholar databases. The search strategy was based on the following terms: beta-blocker, blood glucose level, metoprolol, nebivolol, carvedilol, bisoprolol. Results: β-blockers differ in terms of their mechanism of action and their effects on glucose metabolism. Metoprolol is associated with a worsening of glucose and lipid control. Bisoprolol have a neutral impact on glucose metabolism. Vasodilating β-blockers may improve glycemic profile.Conclusions: All four β-blockers used in HF have similar blood pressure lowering effect but different metabolic effect. Metoprolol should not be used as a drug of choice in patients with impaired glucose metabolism. Bisoprolol, nebivolol or carvedilol may be recommended as a drug of choice in patients with cardiac failure and impaired carbohydrate metabolism. The choice between bisoprolol and vasodilating β-blockers in patients with glycemic disorders is still an unresolved issue.

Introduction: Gut microbiome is composed of hundreds of different bacterial species.Possibly every type of bacteria can affect many different aspects of human healthGut bacterial composition varies immensely between healthy and sick people and there are many factors which can influence micriobiota balance in our intestines. Aim of study: The purpose of the study was to review the latest literature on the gut bacteria importance and to discover what factors can influence gut microbiome composition. Matherials and methods: A systemic review was conducted using Google Scholar, PubMed and ScienceDirect databases and the search was limited to studies published between 2000 and 2023. The search strategy was based on following terms: microbiome, gut bacteria, health and microbiome, gut microflora, human intestinal microbiota Results: We found many different studies which show importance of gut microflora in various different ailments and diseases, we have also found many showing factors that influence intestinal microbiota composition.Conclusions: Gut microbiota is very broad topic – it can affect many different aspects of human health, starting from lowering the risk of developing allergy or affecting weight loss to affecting risk of colorectal cancer development . It can be affected by many different factors – lots of them are still uknown and need further studies.

The aim of our study is to present a case report of a patient who, due to advanced symmetrical peripheral diabetic polyneuropathy, was unaware of the fracture of the fifth finger of the left hand and even tried to restore it to its previous position. The 53-year-old patient with type 1 diabetes at the age of 9, who, due to non-compliance with medical recommendations and poor metabolic control (over the last 15 years, HbA1c has never fallen below 8.1%, reaching 11.1% in May 2017), developed complications such as: ischemic heart disease, diabetic retinopathy, nephropathy and peripheral neuropathy. In February 2019, in the morning, when unscrewing the fuel filler cap in the car, the patient suffered a finger fracture. He remained unaware of this fact all day due to the lack of any pain symptoms. It was only in the evening that he noticed the wrong placement of the fifth finger on his left hand. On the next day, there was a slight soreness with pressure, and the swelling deepened, which prompted him to visit the emergency room. An X-ray examination was performed there, which showed a fracture of the shaft of the proximal phalanx of the fifth finger of the left hand with angular setting of the fragments. The finger was immobilized in a plaster cast and the patient was referred for further check-up in a specialist outpatient clinic. Fortunately, the attempt to set the finger on his own did not cause any significant complications, and after removing the plaster cast, the patient regained the use of the broken finger. A recent electromyographic study confirmed the existence of a very advanced peripheral neuropathy. In summary, improperly treated, poorly controlled type 1 diabetes has serious consequences. It is very important that people suffering from it conduct regular self-monitoring of blood glucose levels and lead a healthy lifestyle.

One of the most prevalent digestive diseases worldwide, functional gastrointestinal dysfunction (FGID) places a substantial strain on healthcare resources and causes significant morbidity. A study using Rome IV diagnostic criteria estimates the prevalence of FGID is about 40% worldwide. Most people with FGID exhibit symptoms from the realm of psychopathology, most often anxiety and depression, making patients' quality of life lower compared to even those with chronic organic diseases. By elucidating the causes and consequences of qualitative and quantitative changes between the microbiota of a healthy person and the microbiota of a person with FDIG, incredible progress has been made in understanding the role of the gut microbiota in FGID. However, the exact cellular and molecular pathogens of FGID that are directed by the gut microbiota remain unknown, and learning more about them will result in non-empirical, but targeted therapies.