Skin cancer (SC) is the one of the widespread kind of cancers worldwide. Among other risk factors, Human Papillomavirus (HPV) is the potential causative agents for skin tumorigenesis. In previously scientific published research, the underlying role of HPV remained controversial about which kind of HPVs are involved on the onset initiation and progression of non-melanoma skin cancer (NMSC) such as squamous cell carcinoma (SCC), basal cell carcinoma (BCC) and malignant melanoma (MM). Apha and beta HPV have been found with the course and development of keratinocytes mutation and skin tumor malignancies. The pathogenicity of HPV lies in its oncogenic proteins such as E6 and E7 belong to Beta HPV kind along with various other transcriptional factors. E6 and E7 are found to deregulation in the tumor suppressor genes p53 and pRb to disturb normal activity of cell cycle and to help metastasize skin cancer. There are also increasing evidences of weakened immune system in melanoma and non-melanoma skin cancer patients associated with human papillomavirus. The combined influence of ultraviolet radiations (UVA and UVB) has detected with human papillomavirus to trigger and promote melanoma and non-melanoma skin cancer development. These results in altered chromosome structure, uncontrolled S-phase, and inhibit apoptosis to advance skin carcinoma. This review article summarizes not only previous arguments for the involvement of oncogenicity of HPVs strains with skin cancer types but also demonstrates an extensive review of the significant previously published data that were not covered yet.

İn this study research was conducted to investigate the accumulative ability and devastating effect of Chromium sulfate (CrSO₄) and Cadmium chloride (CdCl₂) on the growth of earthworm (EW), Pheretima posthuma. An experimental trial conducted in the Labortory of the Department of Zoology, Wildlife and Fisheries, University of Agriculture Faisalabad. After acclimatization, earthworms reared in jars were divided into five groups with three replicates, Group A controlled, Group B was given 200mg/kg CrSO₄, Group C was given 300 mg/kg CrSO₄, Group D was given 200mg/kg CdCl₂, Group E was given for 300mg/kg CdCl₂ treated-soil, respectively. The flame spectrophotometer was used for the quantification of absorption of heavy metals. After 30 days post-exposure, the highest Cr accumulation (8.88±0.07 mg/kg ) was detected in group C while highest accumulation of Cd (7.81±0.09 mg/ kg) was detected in group E. Furthermore, it was noted that these significant accumulations resulted in weight and length reduction. The highest weight reduction (-1.23±0.02g) was observed in group C while the lowest weight reduction (-1.15±0.01g) was observed in group E. Similarly, the highest length reduction (-1.82±0.03cm) was observed in group C while lower length reduction (-1.745±0.24cm) was noted in group E. It was evident that Cr has a more deleterious effect on earthworm growth than Cd. The control showed weight gain (0.26±0.05g) and length gain (1.98±0.27cm). The result of the study were statistically significant (P<0.05). Taken together, it was concluded that earthworm has great potential for bio-accumulation of available heavy metals (Cd and Cr) in the soil and Cr has a higher potential for bio-accumulation than Cd. Although earthworm has a great tendency to survive in a heavy metal environment, their body mass is reduced due to heavy metal toxicity. This study aims to understand the storage of heavy metals in earthworms and to investigate their bioaccumulation ability. This study aims to how heavy metals are stored in earthworms and investigate their capacity for bioaccumulation.

For generations, individuals have utilized aloe vera for its medical, skin-care, and aesthetic qualities. The most widely used aloe plant in Africa is Asfodelaceas Miller, another name for the plant. Although it is grown anywhere, warm, dry areas are ideal for it. Worldwide research and verification have been conducted on its biochemical properties. Regression analysis, ANOVA, and correlation coefficients were utilized to the data in order to improve the manufacturing and medicinal benefits of aloe barbadensis miller through the application of pathological and reproductive techniques provided by biotechnology. The ANOVA analysis's findings demonstrate that, in comparison to individual treatments or the placebo group, the combination of the fields of biotechnology, breeding, and pathology resulted in a noticeably larger yield of Aloe vera. Comparable Multifactorial analyses can be used to show how effective the integrated strategy is for resistance to illness, advantageous traits, or other pertinent variables. To increase the value and application of native medicinal plants like aloe vera in a community context, this review might be helpful.