A novel coronavirus, or severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS‐CoV‐2), was identified as the causative agent of coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID‐19). In early 2020, the World Health Organization declared COVID‐19 the sixth public health emergency of international concern. The COVID‐19 pandemic has substantially affected many groups within the general population, but particularly those with extant clinical conditions, such as having or being treated for cancer. Cancer patients are at a higher risk of developing severe COVID‐19 since the malignancy and chemotherapy may negatively affect the immune system, and their immunocompromised condition also increases the risk of infection. Substantial international efforts are currently underway to develop specific methods for diagnosing and treating COVID‐19. However, cancer patients’ risk profiles, management, and outcomes are not well understood. Thus, the main objective of this review is to discuss the relevant evidence to understand the prognosis of COVID‐19 infections in cancer patients more clearly, as well as helping to improve the clinical management of these patients.

At the beginning of the current pandemic, it was believed that severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) infection would induce lifelong immunity and that reinfections would be unlikely. However, after several cases of reinfection were documented in previously infected patients, this was understood to be a false assumption, and this waning humoral immunity has raised significant concerns. Accordingly, long-term and durable vaccine-induced antibody protection against infection have also become a challenge, as several breakthroughs of COVID-19 infection have been identified in individuals who were fully vaccinated. This review discusses the current evidence on breakthrough COVID-19 infections occurring after vaccination.

Background and Objective: Brain morphometry is shaped by a complex interplay of genetic and environmental factors, including physiological and neuropsychiatric conditions. These influences can vary across distinct brain regions, yet the precise contributions of genetics and environment to regional variation in healthy brains remain poorly understood. This study examines the heritability of specific brain structures to provide deeper insights into their development. Materials and Methods: We studied 118 healthy adult twins from the Hungarian Twin Registry using T1-weighted magnetic resonance imaging (T1W MRI) and the volBrain pipeline for structural measurements. Results: In all regions, monozygotic (MZ) twins showed a higher resemblance than dizygotic (DZ) twins in total brainstem and cerebellar volumes, with significant heritability (A: 90.5–92.6%) and minimal unique environmental effects (E: <1%). For supratentorial regions, regarding the total gray matter volume, all regions exhibited high heritability (A: 74.5–92.4%) and minimal environmental influence (E: <1.5%). In average cortical thickness analysis, the frontal lobe, temporal lobe, and pre-central gyrus were influenced by shared and unique environmental factors (C: 63–66.5%; E: 33.4–37%), whereas genetics were more prominent in the parietal lobe, occipital lobe, and post-central gyrus (A: 67.7–85%; E: 15–32.3%). Conclusions: Genetics strongly influence cortical gray matter volume in supratentorial regions (both total and regional), as well as the total brainstem volume and the total and cortical gray matter volumes of the cerebellum in infratentorial regions. This genetic influence extends to the average cortical thickness of the parietal lobe, post-central gyrus, and occipital lobe, while the frontal lobe, temporal lobe, and pre-central gyrus are more affected by environmental factors. These findings emphasize the importance of understanding region-specific genetic and environmental contributions to brain structure, which could guide personalized therapeutic and preventive strategies for neurological conditions.