Background This study aims to evaluate the long-term trend of prevalence and DALY (disability-adjusted life-year) rate on the age, period and cohort (APC) of the BRICS (Brazil, Russia, India, China and South Africa) country for autoimmune diseases (rheumatoid arthritis (RA), inflammatory bowel disease (IBD), multiple sclerosis (MS) and psoriasis). Methods The data are sourced from the Global Burden of Disease Study 2019, and it uses the Joinpoint regression model to estimate the time trends of autoimmune diseases from 1990 to 2019. Additionally, it employs the Age-Period-Cohort (APC) model to estimate the age, period, and cohort effects from 1990 to 2019. Results For 1990 to 2019, the ASPR (age-standardised prevalence rate) of IBD increased significantly for China and South Africa, and decreased significantly for Brazil, India, Russian. The Russian ASPR of MS demonstrated a significantly decreasing trend (average annual percent change=−0.5%, 95% CI −0.6 to −0.5), with the most increased occurring in Brazil at 2009–2014. The cohort effect on DALY rates for Psoriasis displayed an ongoing decreasing trend from the 1929–1933 birth cohort to the 1999–2003 birth cohort. Specifically, the five countries relative risk values (RRs) of DALYs due to RA increased significantly by 7.98, 16.07, 5.98, 3.19, 9.13 times, from 20 to 24 age group to 65 to 69 age group. Conclusions The population of the BRICS countries accounts for more than 40% of the global population. And we found that the age effect of various autoimmune diseases is heavily influenced by population ageing.

Leukaemia, a severe haematologic malignancy, was one of the leading causes of malignant tumour deaths worldwide in 2018 [1]. It involves the excessive growth of blood cells, resulting in malignant tumours and failure of the bone marrow [2]. The Global Burden of Disease (GBD) 2019 study highlighted that adolescents and young adults bear a significant […]

Background The warming of the 21st century has made high temperatures a major threat to the global population. Health problems associated with increased ambient temperatures have become a growing public health problem worldwide.Aim To study the attribute to high, low, and non-optimum temperatures of road injuries in 21 regions and global stratified by sex, age, geographic location and socio-demographic status from 1990 to 2019.Methods We used the Global Burden of Disease Study (GBD) Results Tool to examine the age-standardized death rates and disability-adjusted life years (DALYs) due to road injuries in 2019 by Join-point. Moreover, we report that high, low, and non-optimum temperatures exposure on road injuries for different groups by sex, age, region, and disease. In addition, we examined temporal trends in the burden of road disease caused by high, low, and non-optimum temperatures from 1990 to 2019. Trend analyzes were conducted for major socio-demographic index (SDI) regions.Results Globally, both the age-standardized death rate (ASDR) and DALY declined from 1990 to 2019, with average annual percent change (AAPC) values of −1.3% and −1.2%, respectively. In 2019, the indicators (death, and DALYs) steadily declined with SDI quintile increased in most regions. And road injuries related death and DALYs rate attributed to high temperatures were 0.17 and 8.50 respectively in 2019. From 1990 to 2019, DALYs for road injuries caused by low temperatures showed the most significant upward trend in most regions, especially in low-latitude countries.Conclusions This study provides a comprehensive understanding of the road injury burden caused by high, low, and non-optimum temperatures, which remains high in regions with low SDI. Therefore, special attention should be paid to road injuries in poor countries or in areas with extreme temperatures.