Aim Solanum melongena L., commonly known as eggplant, is a low-calorie vegetable with high nutritional value due to its rich fiber, vitamins, minerals, and bioactive compounds, particularly polyphenols, which provide antioxidant properties. This study aimed to investigate the chemical composition and biological activities of methanolic extracts from purple S. melongena fruit. Materials and Methods The chemical and biological properties of the methanolic extract were analyzed using both qualitative and quantitative methods. Bioactive compounds were identified through standard methods and Gas Chromatography-Mass Spectrometry (GC-MS). The antioxidant capacity was assessed using free radical scavenging (DPPH, ABTS) and ferric reducing power assays. The extract’s urease inhibition and anti-inflammatory effects were also tested, and antimicrobial activity was evaluated via the agar diffusion method. Results Qualitative analysis detected phenols, alkaloids, terpenoids, steroids, flavonoids, saponins, and anthraquinones. Total phenolic and flavonoid contents were found to be 81 mg GEA/kg and 75 mg QE/kg, respectively. GC-MS analysis revealed 44 chemical compounds, with quinic acid being the most abundant (>60% peak area). Most identified compounds had not been previously reported in S. melongena L. The methanolic extract displayed moderate antioxidant activity across DPPH, ABTS, reducing power, and phenanthroline assays and showed similar moderate effects in urease inhibition and anti-inflammatory assays. Antibacterial activity was strong against all tested species. Discussion The methanolic extract of S. melongena L. exhibits promising antioxidant, anti-urease, anti-inflammatory, and antibacterial properties. However, further research, including metabolomic studies, is necessary to fully understand the metabolic profile and action mechanisms of the identified compounds.

Background: A closer relationship has been established between entomology and toxicology, giving rise to a new field known as entomotoxicology, which focuses on the bioaccumulation of toxic substances in scavenging insects and other arthropods. Methods: This study investigates the impact of lethal doses of Mercury Chloride (HgCl2) and Cadmium Chloride (CdCl2) administered to male rabbits (Oryctolagus cuniculus Linnaeus) on the distribution of Mercury and Cadmium in rabbit organs and their subsequent accumulation in Chrysomya albiceps larvae. The experimental groups were subjected to oral administration of specific concentrations of HgCl2 and CdCl2, while a control group received distilled water. Organ dissection and subsequent larval feeding were followed by acid digestion for sample preparation and inductively coupled plasma torch spectrometry coupled with a mass spectrometer (ICP-MS) was employed for analysis. Result: Results indicate a significant increase in Mercury concentrations in treated rabbit organs, with the liver exhibiting the highest concentration. Cadmium showed diverse distribution among rabbit organs, with the highest concentrations in the kidneys. Ch. albiceps larvae, reared on rabbit organs, exhibited varied concentrations of both Mercury and Cadmium, with significantly higher levels in the treated group. These findings underscore the ecological implications of heavy metal exposure and the potential utility of insect larvae in forensic investigations as bioindicators of environmental contamination.

Background: Diseases vectored by mosquitoes are one of the major causes of diseases and death worldwide. Insecticide resistance of Cx. pipiens increased the suffering of the people. Plants are a promising source of secondary metabolites to help resolve this problem. Methods: This study investigated the larvicidal potential of N. oleander methanol aqueous extract against Cx. Pipiens. Result: Post 24 h, 48 h and 72 h of exposure, the LC50 value was 4.94 mg/mL, and the LC90 value was 8.01 mg/mL. After 72 h of exposure, the values were 2.93 mg/mL and 4.79 mg/mL, respectively. Larvae treated with N. oleander leaf extract displayed degraded microvilli, degenerating peritrophic membrane and degenerating nuclei with blebbing compared to the control. The GC-MS analysis revealed the presence of eleven phytoconstituents in the leaf extract. 1-Methyl-1H-Tetrazol-5-yl)thio]acetic acid (80.67%), 2-Furancarboxaldehyde, 5-1 (hydroxymethyl)- (8.10%), and 9,12-Octadecadienoic acid (Z, Z)- (4.33%) were the main secondary metabolites found in the leaf extract.

Background: Over time, people have created customs related to the use of medicinal plants as a means to safeguard health against harmful agents like pesticides. This study seeks to assess how effective Ficus carica is in safeguarding Wistar rats against the toxic effects of the insecticide Deltamethrin. Methods: Six groups of 42 rats are used, G1 (control), G2 and G3 (treated with Ficus carica leaves extract at two doses of 200 and 400 mg/kg/d), G4 (treated by Deltamethrin 15 mg/kg/d), G5 and G6 (treated with the combination Deltamethrin-plant). After 30 days of treatment, blood and organs are collected for the biochemical analyses (glucose, triglyceride, cholesterol, total protein, transaminases, creatinine and urea) and histological samples (liver and kidneys). Result: The study revealed a notable increase (P≤0.001) in the biochemical parameters of the group treated with Deltamethrin, as compared to the control group, accompanied by several histological changes. However, the results demonstrated that the extract of Ficus carica leaves can mitigate the toxicity induced by Deltamethrin, resulting in a substantial improvement in both the biochemical parameters and histological structure of the liver and kidneys in the groups treated with the combined Deltamethrin and Ficus carica extract.

Background: The snail Helixa spersa is considered a relevant bioindicator of soil pollution by metallic elements due to its resistance and accumulation capabilities. Methods: This study aims to determine the dose-response relationship between different concentrations of lead and its toxic effects on juvenile H. aspersa through a semi-static ecotoxicity test under controlled conditions. In addition, continuous monitoring of carbohydrates, lipids and proteins of the snails affected by this metal was evaluated along with a histopathological study of the hepatopancreas. Result: The two-month lead exposure in H. aspersa resulted in significant alterations in biochemical and histological parameters. Lead concentrations in the hepatopancreas and foot exhibited a dose-dependent increase, with higher levels observed in the former. Elevated lead concentrations (1000 ìg/g and 1500 ìg/g of soil) led to substantial protein increase in both organs, while even lower doses displayed considerable protein elevation in the hepatopancreas. Carbohydrate levels were significantly lower in all contaminated groups compared to controls. Increasing lead concentrations caused a reduction in lipid levels. Histological analysis revealed distinct alterations, including excretory cell hypertrophy, tubule clustering and inflammatory changes in the hepatopancreas of treated snails. Severe histological damage, including inflammatory infiltrates, cellular debris and necrosis, were observed at higher lead concentrations (1000 and 1500 ìg/g). These findings emphasize the impact of lead exposure on biochemical profiles and organ histology in H. aspersa, highlighting the potential ecological implications of heavy metal contamination.