This research delves into the intricate mechanisms by which Selenium nanoparticles exert their influence on intestinal health, with a focus on the modulation of NLR family pyrin domain containing 3 (NLRP3) signaling pathway. Therefore, 150 chicks were divided into three groups, which were control group, 0.2 mg/kg (low dose) and 0.4 mg/kg (high dose) Selenium nanoparticles (SeNPs) for 1 month respectively. This study showed that selenium nanoparticles effectively reduced the mortality rate of chickens. Morphological intestinal parameters were significantly reduced with increased dose of Selenium nanoparticles compared to low dose. The number of goblet cells were significantly decreased with a high dose of SeNPs. As well, the mRNA expression of Mucin2 (Muc2) significantly decreased. Compared with control group the positivity of apoptosis in the intestinal cells significantly decreased in SeNPs groups. Likewise, with high dose of SeNPs the protein and gene expression levels of Bcl-2-associated X (Bax), Caspase-3 and B-cell lymphoma-2 (Bcl-2) in small intestine significantly decreased. High dose of SeNPs significantly decreased oxidative stress and inflammation in the small intestine. High dose of SeNPs significantly decreased the toll-like receptor-2 (TLR-2), NLRP3, claudin-5 and zonula occluden-1 (ZO-1) in small intestine. The integration of scientific evidence and experimental insights will contribute to a deeper understanding of the intricate interplay between SeNPs and intestinal health, offering valuable perspectives for future research and therapeutic applications.

Sorghum is an energy-dense cereal grain with substantial potential for poultry nutrition. However, its practical use is often restricted due to high phytate content, which reduces nutrient digestibility and mineral bioavailability. This study evaluated the effects of phytase supplementation on nutrient digestibility, mineral retention, energy utilization, and antioxidant status in Campbell ducks (Anas platyrhynchos) fed red and white sorghum-based diets. A total of forty-eight adult ducks (1.65 ± 0.05 kg) were randomly assigned to 12 metabolic cages (four ducks per cage) and subjected to a 10-day feeding trial, which included 4 days of acclimation followed by 6 days of fecal collection. The experimental treatments consisted of red or white sorghum diets with or without supplemental phytase (500 FTU/kg). Phytase supplementation significantly (P< 0.05) improved apparent dry matter digestibility, crude protein digestibility, and apparent metabolizable energy in ducks fed sorghum-based diets compared to the non-supplemented control. Additionally, calcium and phosphorus retention were significantly enhanced in the phytase-supplemented groups, with the highest retention observed in ducks receiving the red sorghum plus phytase diet. Antioxidant status also improved, as indicated by significant (P< 0.05) increases in superoxide dismutase, glutathione peroxidase, and catalase activities, along with reduced malondialdehyde concentrations, demonstrating lower lipid peroxidation and improved oxidative stability in phytase-fed ducks. In conclusion, phytase supplementation effectively mitigated the anti-nutritional effects of phytate, improved nutrient digestibility, enhanced mineral retention, and strengthened antioxidant defense mechanisms, with the most significant improvements seen in ducks fed red sorghum-based diets.