Land use change monitoring is a common theme in achieving sustainable development, while research on ecological barrier transition zones is relatively scarce. This study quantitatively analyzes the characteristics and patterns of land use change in Western Jilin, located in the transitional zone between the northeast forest belt and the northern sand prevention belt, from 1990 to 2020. Land dynamic change index and transition matrix are used to quantify the rates and intensities, and conversions between different land use types over time, respectively. Geodetector is adopted to analyze the impact of 12 factors on 12 types of land use change, such as using the factor detector to quantify the influence of temperature on the conversion from cropland to unused land. The results indicate that from 1990 to 2020, there have been noticeable changes in the area of various land use types in western Jilin. However, the conversion types are relatively limited, mainly involving interchanges between cropland, grassland, unused land, and water bodies. The cropland has increased by 20% overall, but 16% of that increase occurred from 1990–2000. The woodland area has steadily increased at a growth rate of 5–8% from 2000–2020, aligning with sustainable development strategies. Water bodies and grasslands are undergoing continuous recovery, and a positive growth trend is predicted to emerge by 2030. The built-up land is steadily expanding. The influencing factors vary for different types of land-use change. In a short time, policy factors play a significant role in land use, such as the implementation of the “River-lake Connection Project”, which has helped to reduce water-body fragmentation and enabled the stable recovery of water resources. However, in the long term, multiple topographic, climatic, and anthropogenic factors exhibit interactive effects in the land use change process in the area. Governments can take corresponding measures and management policies based on the influence of these factors to allocate and plan land use rationally.

Grain security is the foundation of national security, and non-grain production of cultivated land (NGPCL) poses a challenge to grain security. Existing research on the NGPCL has mainly focused on large-scale studies, with relatively few analyses at smaller scales, such as county-level units. Therefore, we selected Jilin Province, one of China’s most important grain-producing areas, as the study region. We extracted data on NGPCL from 2000, 2005, 2010, 2015, and 2020, and calculated the non-grain production rate of cultivated land for each of the province’s counties. Based on this, we used the gravity center and standard deviation ellipse models, and spatial autocorrelation analysis tools to reveal the spatiotemporal evolution characteristics of the non-grain production rate of the planting structure (NGPRPS) in Jilin Province. Finally, we applied the geographic detector to analyze the impact of 10 factors on the changes in the NGPRPS. The results show that: (1) From 2000 to 2020, the NGPRPS in Jilin Province generally showed a downward trend, which can be divided into three phases: fluctuation, decline, and an initial increase followed by a decrease. (2) There is a clear spatial differentiation in the non-grain production of planting structure (NGPPS) in Jilin Province, with the spatial pattern being generally low in the center and higher at the periphery. In the early stage, the non-grain production rate (NGPR) increased rapidly, while in the later stage, the spatial distribution of NGPPS became more pronounced in the southeastern direction. (3) In the short term, policy factors played a significant role in the changes in the NGPRPS. In the long term, however, natural environment, production resources, economic level, and social development showed interactive effects on the changes in the NGPR in the region. Based on these findings, the government can adopt corresponding measures and management policies considering the impact of these factors, the research results, and the proposed strategies. These include the rational implementation of land use planning, delineating the baseline for cultivated land protection, and controlling the use of cultivated land.

Mare basalts are products of partial mantle melting, and their spatiotemporal distribution provides key constraints on the thermal evolution of the Moon. Conventional mapping from optical data is hindered by space weathering, ejecta contamination, and inconsistent criteria. To address these issues, this study introduces a new framework that integrates multi-channel, multi-temporal brightness temperature (TB) features derived from a 24-hour complete TB dataset of the Chang’e-2 Microwave Radiometer (MRM) with the Random Forest algorithm. Applied to Mare Imbrium, the framework achieves high sample-level accuracy and, with hierarchical clustering, effectively reduces inter-unit patchiness. Compared with previous optical- and radar-based interpretations, the resulting geological map redefines basalt unit boundaries at the MRM pixel scale (0.125°), refines stratigraphic relationships, and reveals regolith thermophysical variations linked to impact modification and volcanic resurfacing. These results highlight the potential of passive microwave remote sensing to bridge surface and subsurface observations and provide a reproducible and traceable framework for planetary geological mapping.

Evaluating the complex surface deposits of the Schiller-Schickard cryptomare region can enhance our understanding of basaltic volcanic activity and lunar surface evolution. This study utilizes brightness temperature (TB), normalized TB (nTB), and TB difference (dTB) maps generated from the Chang'E (CE)-2 microwave radiometer (MRM) data. The S-S region's surface deposits were also evaluated by combining the datasets from the Lunar Prospector Thorium, Diviner, LOLA, Clementine UV-VIS, Bouguer Gravity, and Lunar Reconnaissance Orbiter Wide Angle Camera. The main research findings are as follows: (1) Based on the TB distribution characteristics of craters, four types of craters are identified in the S-S region. The microwave radiation TB of each type of crater is affected by varying degree of influencing factors. (2) According to the nTB and dTB performances, combined with the distribution of surface compositions and high-density materials, the extent of Mare-like Cryptomare Deposits (MCD) is considered more reasonable. It is speculated that there are at least two different periods of buried mare deposits eruptions in Region MCD. (3) Within Region MCD, two patches with low TB anomaly are discovered. These discoveries advance our knowledge of the Moon's surface evolution.