Growing interest in Serbia in adaptation of viticulture to climate change emerged from a recorded positive impact of summer increased draught on domestic wine quality. Another motivation is that viticulture has been recognized as one of the fastest developing agricultural sectors in Serbia and, to contain its growing potential, it is crucial to provide basis for its future sustainable development. Prioritization and implementation of adaptation measures in practice require reliable assessment of climate projections. For climate change impact assessment is used high resolution multi-model ensemble of nine regional climate models simulations, bias corrected, with two most probable future scenarios of GHG emissions RCP4.5 and RCP8.5, for the period 2016-2100. Analysis has been done for the near future, mid-century and end of the century periods. The periods are defined according to the IPCC 5^thAssessment Report, which enables comparison of climate change impacts with a wider region, and preferably motivate future international collaboration and knowledge exchange.

The quantitative composition of phenolic compounds and the antioxidant activity of Serbian and Bulgarian red wines from various vintages were analyzed and compared in this study. Phenolic profiling was conducted using high-performance liquid chromatography coupled with a diode array detector (HPLC-DAD), revealing a total of 29 identified phenolic compounds, including 16 anthocyanins, 7 flavonols, and 6 hydroxycinnamic acids and their derivatives. The antioxidant potential of the red wines was assessed using four distinct analytical methods: 1,1-diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) radical scavenging assay, ferric-reducing/antioxidant power (FRAP), cupric-ion-reducing capacity in the presence of neocuproine (CUPRAC), and total reducing power (TPR). The correlation of the examined results was monitored, and the results showed that the antioxidant qualities of wines are most strongly correlated with the total content of phenols and flavonoids, while the correlations are weakest for their total anthocyanins. Compositions of phenolics varied from 1016 mg/L to 4115 mg/L, while the value of flavanols was in a wide range from 438 mg/L to 2890 mg/L, whereby the average proportion of flavonoids to total phenols was 52.4%. The wine named Ruen 2019 showed the presence of the highest amount of total phenolics and total flavonoids present, followed by Prokupac and Evita cultivars. Of the tested monoglucoside anthocyanins in all wines, malvidin-3-O-glucoside was the most abundant.

In Europe, the period from the 17^th to the 19^th century was marked by scientific and industrial revolution, better traffic communication, which strongly influenced development of viticulture and wine markets. New varieties are introduced into viticulture, intensive working on hybridization, more intensive cultivation methods are applied with use of horses, distance between plants are changed and more modern stock are used. After liberation from the Ottoman Empire, Serbian viticulture is developing again. With arrangement of the principality and then the Serbian Kingdom, in the overall development of Serbia under the Obrenović family, a significant contribution was made by new vine plantation. Apart from the Danube regions, the areas under vines are located around the Kopaonik mountain, which separates southern Serbia from the Novo-Pazarski sandžak and the wine-growing centers such as Negotin, Požarevac, Smederevo, Kruševac, Niš and Šumadija as a separate region (area about 98,326 ha). However, the development of viticulture in Serbia is stoped by the appearance of phylloxera. The territory of Serbia was affected by phylloxera starting in 1881, and by 1920 it had reached Metohija. In order to restore damaged vineyards, were formed vine nurseries (Smederevo 1882, Bukovo near Negotin 1886, Jagodina 1889, Aleksandrovac, 1891) where began production of rootstock and grafting of European vine varieties. Since then, for the first time, varieties such as Traminac, Chardonnay, Pinot blanc, Pinot noir, Gamay were introduced into Serbian viticulture. The beginning of the 20^th century was marked by changing of royal dynasties, so after atending to Serbian throne, King Petar I Karađorđević (since 1903) form an endowment estate at Oplenac. King Petar I Karađorđević, and after them King Alexander, intensively participated in plantation of new vineyards, using planting material from nurseries from Smederevo and from France (1925). By 1935, the total area under vineyards amounted to 37.78,31 ha, of which 4/5 were under wine and 1/5 under table varieties. During the 2^nd World War, Serbian vineyards was under significant damage due to the lack of conditions to bad cultivation in appropriate ways. After the 2^nd World War, viticulture in Serbia had several development stages. The first stage covers the period from 1945 to 1954 and is characterized by an extensive production level. The second stage, from 1954 to 1959, is characterized by vineyard with big inter-row distance of 2–2.5 m and greater mechanization using. The third stage, from 1959 to 1970, is characterized by vineyards with inter-row distance of 2.5 to 4 m. It is the period of intensive vineyards plantating. In the 1970, 106.000 ha belonged to individual sector, and 10.500 ha to the state (goverment) sector. In the 80-is and 90-is of the last century, it is period of the viticulture stagnation with significant reduction of vineyard area. The disintegration of the SFRY, wars that followed, sanctions and international isolation of Serbia and especially NATO bombing affected complete destruction of viticulture as a minor agricultural branch at that time. It is estimated that only about 20,000 ha under vine survived and could be maintained at the beginning of the XXI century. For the last twenty years, have been made efforts to restore Serbian viticulture. With a more modern approach, it started with the selection of clones of varieties mainly for producing of high quality wines. With the formation of smaller and medium-capacity wineries (from 100,000 to 500,000 bottles per year), the situation in viticulture and wine sector has changed significantly through the increase of areas under vines and the improvement of wine quality. Today there are around 360 registered wineries in Serbia.

In this study, we have analyzed the anthocyanin composition of skin extracts of three red grape varieties Prokupac, Evita and Čokot Zemun in order to distinguish these cultivars based on their anthocyanin profile. Also, mechanical analysis of grape bunches and berries was performed. According to our results, seventeen anthocyanins were identified using LC/MS technique and quantitative differences were recorded using HPLC‐DAD method. The highest content of total anthocyanins was obtained for Evita variety and the lowest one was recorded in Prokupac. Also, clear differences were observed in anthocyanins ratios. In comparison to Prokupac and Evita varieties, Čokot Zemun was characterized with a high content of coumaroyl derivatives of anthocyanin compounds, while high levels of acetylated derivatives were recorded in Prokupac. Data reported in this study represent a certain contribution to a database of mechanical properties and chemical composition of grape varieties originating from Balkan.

Faced with the challenges posed by climate change, Serbian viticulture is looking for sustainable solutions for adaptable production. This study shows that grass is a multifunctional tool for overcoming the challenges of intensive viticulture while maintaining the quality of the grapes. In a three-year research experiment (2020–2022), the maintenance of an inter-row sward in a vineyard with four certified high-quality French Cabernet Sauvignon clones was investigated, and its effects on the ampelographic composition of the grapes and the quality of the grape juice (must) were studied as a function of wine quality. A grass sward was established between the rows as a biological soil management system and as a climate change adaptation measure in a high-intensity viticultural system. A grass–legume mixture was used as an inter-row cover crop, with nitrogen applied in two doses (50 and 100 kg ha⁻¹) in spring. The growth of the grasses responded to the nitrogen fertilisation, which was reflected in the biomass production, surface cover and nitrogen content in the biomass. At the end of the study, the biomass of the grass increased threefold when a high dose of nitrogen was applied compared to the non-fertilised grass. In contrast to the effects of nitrogen on the sward, N has no effect on the quantitative or qualitative parameters of the grapes. Clone 169 was separated for most grape mechanical parameters such as the bunch mass, all berries and the bunch stem; clone 15 showed the best grape juice quality parameters such as the sugar content and glycoacidometric index. The results show an option for climate change adaptation in viticulture that can mitigate the effects of rising temperatures, contribute to soil conservation and carbon storage in biomass and enable timely interventions in vineyards after heavy rainfall by creating accessible paths within the vineyards. The three-year effect of the different nutrient management of the sward in the inter-rows of Cabernet Sauvignon showed that the interaction between the two systems, sward and vine, is low and has no negative impact on the ampelographic and qualitative grape parameters.

In this paper, we present for the first time a complex, comprehensive multi-year investigation focusing on some of the qualitative and quantitative components of wines from a centuries-old traditional viticulture area in the Chalkidiki peninsula in the northeastern part of Greece. The research was conducted at the Hilandar monastery vineyard and winery. French premium clones of Merlot (181, 345, 346), Cabernet Franc (210, 214) and Cabernet Sauvignon (15,169, 337) were used for the “Savino Polje” wine blend. A comparative analysis of the anthocyanin complex was performed for wines made from the 2010 to 2016 harvests. Statistical analysis revealed a significant difference in the concentration values of individual anthocyanin compounds in relation to the duration of wine ageing. Among the identified and quantified anthocyanins, malvidin-3-O-glucoside (acetylated and coumarylated derivatives) were the most prevalent, especially in young wines (vintages 2015 and 2016). With the exception of vitisin A and peonidin-3-O-glucoside-coumaroyl, which showed the highest concentration in the oldest wines with values increasing with age, a decreasing trend was observed for all other anthocyanin compounds. The sum of the identified anthocyanin compounds also showed a decreasing trend over time. The highest relative total compound content of the malvidin group (64.65 ± 0.42–81.30 ± 0.44%) and the sum of non-acylated anthocyanins (48.84 ± 0.29–58.00 ± 0.37%) were determined. The presented results are of great importance, as this is the first time that results related to wines from this region are being published. This research represents a valuable source of information and contributes to the ongoing comparison of the qualitative parameters of wines from this and other regions.