Ethosomes have been widely used in Transdermal Drug Delivery System (TDDS) as they increase the permeation of drug across the skin. Flurbiprofen loaded vesicular ethosomes were formulated, optimized and characterized for particle size, entrapment efficiency, poly dispersive index (PDI), microscopy using Atomic force microscopy (AFM), Scanning electron microscope (SEM) and Transmission electron microscopy (TEM) and Interaction of drug and excipients were studied using Fourier transform infra-red (FTIR) spectroscopy, Differential scanning colorimetry (DSC), Thermo gravimetric analysis (TGA). Further, ethosomal formulations of flurbiprofen were evaluated for stability study of three months and in vitro drug permeation study was carried out using albino rat skin. In addition, skin irritation test was evaluated by Draize test and in vivo study of prepared formulation was examined through paw edema assay by inducing carrageenan and cold plate method. Amongst all formulations, EF5 formulation exhibited ideal surface morphology, with maximum entrapment efficiency (95%) with optimal excipient concentration i.e. 200 mg phospholipid and 35% ethanol. The ideal vesicle size was achieved as 162.2 ± 2 nm, with zeta potential − 48.14 ± 1.4 mV with the PDI of 0.341. In-vitro permeation study shows a release of 82.56 ± 2.11 g/cm2 in 24 h and transdermal flux was found as 226.1 μg/cm2/h. Cold plate test indicates that the formulation EF5 showed a marked analgesic activity and Carrageenan induced paw edema test indicates that the formulation EF5 inhibits the increase in paw edema. Ethosomal suspension at 4 °C showed maximum stability. The overall study concluded that this ethosomal approach offers a new delivery system for sustained and targeted delivery for flurbiprofen.

The chemistry of 1,3,4-thiadiazole is one of the most interesting scaffolds for synthesizing new drug molecules due to their numerous pharmacological activities. Several modifications in the thiadiazole ring have been made, proving it to be more potent and highly effective with a less toxic scaffold for various biological activities. There are several marketed drugs containing 1,3,4-thiadiazole ring in their structure. In this review article, we have tried to compile the newly synthesized 1,3,4-thiadiazole derivatives possessing important pharmaceutical significance since 2014.

Background: Metabolic syndrome, also referred to as Syndrome X or obesity syndrome is a cluster of diseases prevalent worldwide in both developed and developing countries. According to WHO, it is referred to as a pathological condition wherein multiple disorders are manifested in the same individual. These include hypertension, hyperglycemia, dyslipidemia and abdominal obesity. Aims:: Metabolic syndrome is one of the most serious non-communicable health hazards that have gained pivotal importance in the present scenario. The increasing prevalence affecting around 25 % of the world populace, mainly attributes to the acceptance of western culture, i.e. the intake of high-calorie food along with a substantial decrease in manual labor and adoption of sedentary lifestyles. Therefore, its timely prevention and management are the dire need in the present scenario. Methods: For successful accomplishment of the present review, an exhaustive analysis was performed utilizing a pool of previous related literature. The terms used during the search included ‘metabolic syndrome, prevalence, etiology, current pharmacotherapy for metabolic syndrome, etc. PUBMED, Medline and SCOPUS were explored for the study of abstracts, research and review papers in the quest for related data. The articles were downloaded and utilized for a meta-analysis study approach. Conclusion: In this review, an attempt was made to apprehend and summarize the epidemiology and treatment strategies for metabolic syndrome with a better understanding of its pathogenesis. It was postulated that an early diagnostic approach and subsequent line of treatment is required to prevent the deterioration of an individual’s health and life.

The present study has been carried out to evaluate antihemorrhoidal activity of bark of Acacia ferruginea DC. The total phenolic, total flavonoid and saponins were determined. Anti-hemorrhoidal potential of bark extract was determined by levels of inflammatory cytokines such as TNF-α, IL-6, PGE2 and recto-anal coefficient (RAC). The histopathological examination was done to evaluate the severity score in the treated and untreated groups. The results of phytochemical screening of the hydroalcoholic extract of A. ferruginea revealed the presence of alkaloids, flavonoids, triterpenoid, saponins, tannins and phenolic compounds The total phenolic, flavonoid and saponin contents were found to be 438.8mg/g GAE, 66.6mg/gRE and 34%w/w respectively. Hydroalcoholic extract of bark of A. ferruginea significantly reduced the inflammatory cytokines {TNF-α(8.40±0.188), IL-6(3.95±0.181), PGE2(53.27±2.956) and RAC(0.998±0.094)}as compared to positive control group{TNF-α(13.36±0.141), IL-6(7.25±0.161), PGE2(82.34±3.395) and RAC(1.131 ± 0.008)}. Noticeably the results were comparable to that of standard pilex granules {TNF-α (7.12±0.166), IL-6(3.01±0.156), PGE2(42.51±2.157) and RAC (0.968±0.084)}. Molecular docking and structure based pharmacophore mapping further confirmed the anti-inflammatory mediated antihemorrhoidal activity of the hydroalcoholic extract. The antihemorrhoidal activity of hydroalcoholic extract of A. ferruginea may attribute to the flavonoids.