Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus (T2DM) is very common metabolic disorder affecting people of all age groups. The change in life style and environmental factors are the considerable factors which are involved in the development of the disorder. The different parts of medicinal plants vary in their composition of bioactive compounds. There are reports on antidiabetic activity of C. auriculata L. flower and leaves. Traditionally bud of C. auriculata L. is used to treat diabetes rather than flower. This study aims to explore the antidiabetic efficiency of bud and flower and to identify the differential composition of phycompounds present in bud and flower parts of C. auriculata L. The compounds present in the bud and flower parts were identified using LC-ESI/MS analysis. Antidiabetic activity of C. auriculata L. bud and flower parts was studied in high fat diet (HFD) and streptozotocin (STZ) induced diabetic rats. During which parameters such as feed intake, water intake, and body weight were monitored. After 21 days of the study, blood parameters like insulin, glucose, lipid profile, hepatic function test, renal function test and oxidative stress markers were analysed. Real time PCR was done to monitor the expression of IRS2 and GRIA2 genes. The LC-ESI/MS analysis showed the presence of various phenolics and flavonoid compounds specific to bud and flower parts. The antidiabetic activity results showed that the animal treated with C. auriculata L. bud ethanol extract (CABE500) could better reverse and control the progression of the disease compared to the flower ethanol extract. The gene expression studies revealed that regulation of IRS2 gene occurred in bud but not in flower extract treated animal livers and no differential expression of GRIA2 gene in all the experimental groups. C. auriculata L. bud extract can potentially better control the diabetes compared to the flower extract.

Mankind exposure to chemicals in the past century has increased dramatically throughout environment. There is no question that chemicals interfere with the physiology of biological system. Abundance of chemicals is documented to be detrimental to human and wildlife. The mammalian endocrine system is comprised of many interacting tissues mediate themselves through hormones that are essential for metabolism, growth and development. Humans secrete over fifty different hormones to orchestrate major physiological functions however; these vital functions can be intervened by huge number of internal and external chemical stressors that are identified as endocrine disruptors. Advanced glycation end products (AGEs), familiarly known as Maillard products, formed through non-enzymatic glycation whose production is augmented on aging as well as environmental stressors. Processed foods have become very popular today due to their taste, convenience, and inexpensiveness. Manufacture of these day-to-day foods involves extreme temperatures on processing results in the formation of AGEs could independently promote oxidative stress, aging, diabetes, cancer, degenerative diseases, more fascinatingly hormonal disruption is the subject of interest of this review. Based on some substantial observations documented till time, we discuss the emergence of dietary AGEs as potential endocrine disruptors by emphasizing their occurrence, mechanisms and participation in endocrine interruption. Both economically and in terms of human life, AGEs may represent an enormous cost for the future society. Therefore, by explicating their novel role in endocrine diseases, the review strives to make an impact on AGEs and their exposure among public as well as scientific communities.