The complete chloroplast (cp) genome sequence of Actinidia rufa was determined by next-generation sequencing in this study. The whole cp genome was 156,543 bp in length, containing a large single-copy (LSC) of 88,435 bp and a small single-copy (SSC) region of 20,307 bp, which was separated by a pair of 23,900 bp inverted repeat (IR) regions. The genome contained 131 genes, including 84 protein-coding genes, 39 tRNA genes, 8 ribosomal RNA genes. Two events were found in the Actinidiaceae chloroplast genome. One was the deletion of the clpP gene and the other was the trnfM-CAU gene in the same direction in LSC region. The phylogenetic position of A. rufa was closely clustered with A. chinensis, A. deliciosa as sister species.

The complete chloroplast (cp) genome sequence of Larix kaempferi and L. olgensis var. koreana were determined by Ion torrent Platform sequencing in this study. The L. kaempferi cp genome was 122,158bp consists of two inverted repeat (IR) regions of 436bp each, a large single-copy (LSC) region of 65,394bp, and a small single-copy (SSC) region of 55,892bp. The chloroplast genome sequence of L olgensis var. koreana was 122,573bp in length, consisting of two IRs (436bp), one LSC (65,597bp), and one SSC (56,104bp), and is longer than that of L. kaempferi. The genome contained 110 genes, including 71 protein-coding genes, 35 tRNA genes, and 4 ribosomal RNA genes. The 13 genes contain introns, including 12 genes with a single intron each and ycf3 gene with two introns. And, the rps12 gene is a trans-spliced gene. The phylogenetic analysis revealed that all sampled species in Pinaceae formed a monophyletic Glade with high bootstrap value. The genus Larix is closely related to Pseudotsuga.

We applied eight primer-restriction enzyme combinations to investigate genetic diversity, genetic differentiation, and genetic structure of Carpinus laxiflora populations with AFLP markers. The average of effective alleles (A_e), the proportion of polymorphic loci (%P), Shannon’s diversity index (I), and the expected heterozygosity (H_e) were 1.4, 82.2%, 0.371, and 0.241, respectively. The expected heterozygosity (Hj) from Bayesian method was 0.270. The level of genetic diversity was high compared to those of Carpinus species and other species with a similar life history. The inbreeding coefficient (F_IS) from approximated Bayesian method was 0.618, which was smaller than that for Acer pseudosieboldianum (F_IS=0.712). Genetic differentiation was 0.060 from AMOVA (Φ_ST) and 0.056 from Bayesian method (θ_II). The level of genetic differentiation was very small compared to that of Carpinus species and other species with a similar life history. According to UPGMA and Bayesian clustering, 10 populations were divided into two genetic groups. Except Mt. Chilgap and Minjuji, most of the populations were detected as weak genetic structures according to the geographical distribution such as mountain ranges. We might consider that demographic disturbance, local specific vegetation change history, and forest succession interrupted the genetic structure of C. laxiflora in South Korea.

The aim of the present study was to sequence and analyze the complete plastid genome (i.e. plastome) of Acer tegmentosum Maxim. The plastome of A. tegmentosum was 156,435 bp in length and included both large (86,265 bp) and small (18,102 bp) single-copy regions, which were separated by a pair of identical inverted repeats (26,034 bp). The plastome contained 77 unique protein-coding genes, 30 tRNA genes, and four rRNA genes. In addition, the gene order and organization of the A. tegmentosum plastome were consistent with those of plastomes from other members of the Sapindaceae, and the overall GC content of the plastome was 37.8%. A phylogenetic tree that was based on 76 protein-coding genes demonstrated a sister relationship within genus Acer.