Introduction: Alzheimer's disease (AD) remains a pervasive and challenging neurodegenerative disorder with profound implications for individuals, families, and societies. As the most prevalent cause of dementia globally, AD's prevalence is set to rise significantly in the context of an aging population. This introductory section emphasizes the urgent need for a comprehensive understanding of the disease, encompassing both its molecular intricacies and the socio-economic burden. With age being the primary risk factor, recent research has delved into the complex interplay of genetic predisposition and environmental influences, reshaping our understanding of AD from a multifactorial perspective. Current State of Knowledge: Advancements in Alzheimer's research have led to a nuanced understanding of its pathology. Traditionally characterized by amyloid-beta plaques and tau tangles, recent insights from neuroimaging and biomarker studies have revealed the intricate nature of these pathologies and their roles in disease progression. Genetic studies, including genome-wide association analyses, have identified susceptibility loci, notably the APOE gene. Simultaneously, environmental factors, such as air pollution and lifestyle choices, are recognized contributors to AD risk. The therapeutic landscape has evolved, with ongoing investigations into anti-amyloid and anti-tau therapies, lifestyle interventions, and precision medicine approaches. The synthesis of these diverse findings highlights the dynamic nature of Alzheimer's research and its potential to shape future treatment modalities. Summary: In summary, this article provides a comprehensive overview of the current state of knowledge regarding Alzheimer's disease. From understanding its evolving pathology to exploring the interplay of genetic and environmental factors, the multifactorial nature of AD is underscored. The therapeutic landscape is actively advancing, presenting a hopeful outlook for future treatments.

Introduction: The increasing participation of young individuals in sports necessitates a comprehensive understanding of the intricate relationship between nutrition and athletic performance during the critical adolescent years. This introduction sets the stage for an exploration of the dynamic nutritional needs of young athletes, emphasizing the pivotal role of nutrition in supporting growth, energy metabolism, and overall athletic achievement. Current State of Knowledge: The current state of knowledge encompasses an in-depth analysis of key nutritional considerations for young athletes. Examining energy and macronutrient requirements, micronutrient considerations, hydration strategies, and optimal timing of nutrition, this section synthesizes existing research to provide evidence-based guidelines. Furthermore, it addresses the unique challenges posed by different sports and the importance of tailored nutritional approaches for diverse athletic endeavors. The evolving landscape of sports nutrition is also explored, with a specific focus on the benefits and potential risks associated with protein and creatine supplementation. Summary: In summary, this article serves as a comprehensive resource for athletes, coaches, and parents seeking to navigate the intricate intersection of nutrition and young athletes. By elucidating evidence-based strategies and addressing the potential drawbacks and risks associated with certain supplements, the article aims to empower stakeholders with the knowledge needed to make informed decisions regarding the nutritional well-being of young athletes. It underscores the importance of individualized approaches, recognizing the diversity of young athletes and advocating for adaptable nutritional strategies that contribute to both immediate performance gains and sustained health and athletic success.

Background/Objectives: The aim of the study was to prospectively assess the impact of certain parameters of pituitary morphology assessed with the use of magnetic resonance imaging on the occurrence of hormonal disorders in patients with primary partial empty sella (PES) or primary empty sella (ES). Methods: Forty-three patients were divided into two groups: group 1—patients with PES (n = 20); group 2—patients with ES (n = 23). Results: Patients with ES were characterized by larger both the transverse (14.8 ± 2.9 mm vs. 17.2 ± 2.9 mm, p = 0.016) and anteroposterior (AP) diameters of the pituitary (11.4 ± 1.4 mm vs. 13.2 ± 1.9 mm, p = 0.003), a smaller craniocaudal (CC) diameter (3.9 ± 0.62 mm vs. 2.2 ± 0.6 mm, p = 0.001), and a lower pituitary volume (332.8 ± 107.6 mm³ vs. 243.5 ± 70.9 mm³, p = 0.001). Moreover, an AP infundibular displacement was more common in patients with ES (7 [35%] vs. 16 [69.6%]., p = 0.023). Despite the fact that secondary adrenocortical insufficiency was shown to be significantly more common and ACTH levels to be significantly lower (27.5 ± 13.2 pg/mL vs. 21.8 ± 17.6 pg/mL, p = 0.039) in patients with ES (0 [0%] vs. 3 [13.4%], p = 0.046), univariate logistic regression did not reveal any significant associations of pituitary diameters, pituitary volume, or pituitary stalk displacement with endocrine disorders, such as secondary adrenocortical insufficiency or hyperprolactinemia, which was confirmed with multivariate logistic regression adjusted for age, sex, BMI, and arterial hypertension. Conclusions: Radiologically assessed CC, AP, and transverse pituitary diameters, pituitary volume, or pituitary stalk displacement in patients with PES or ES have no bearing on the rates of hormonal disorders. Nonetheless, certain hormonal disorders may be more common in patients with ES, which suggests a need for hormone-level assessments in this population.

Introduction: Endometriosis ranks among the prevalent gynecological conditions, impacting approximately 10% of women during their reproductive years. Primarily characterized by pain, endometriosis is also associated with several psychiatric comorbidities such as anxiety, depression and eating disorders. Research also demonstrates a significant decline in the quality of life among patients. The objective of this study is to undertake an exhaustive literature review on endometriosis in women, with a specific focus on understanding its effects on mental health and quality of life. Material and methods: We conducted a literature review utilizing the resources available in the "PubMed" database. The search was performed using following keywords: endometriosis; pelvic pain; anxiety; depression; mental health; eating disorders. Discussion: Research indicates that women diagnosed with endometriosis, particularly those experiencing pain, exhibit elevated stress levels and a diminished quality of life compared to women without the condition. Importantly, depression and anxiety are more prevalent in women with endometriosis, and the presence of psychiatric disorders correlates more to the severity of the endometriosis-related pain than to other disease characteristics. In terms of treatment implications, clinical trials have shown that both medical and surgical interventions for endometriosis not only alleviate physical symptoms but also improve perceived stress, anxiety, and depressive symptoms. Conclusions: We found that severe endometriosis-related pain and the presence of psychiatric disorders were linked to reduced quality of life. Ensuring holistic care for endometriosis is essential for enhancing patients' quality of life. Furthermore, effectively treating endometriosis can alleviate the psychological strain it imposes.

Introduction The anterior cruciate ligament (ACL) is a prevalent sports-related injury, constituting nearly half of knee injuries. This narrative review explores the evolution of ACL reconstruction surgeries, emphasizing graft types and their pros and cons. Current state of knowledge The ideal ACL graft choice depends on factors like age, lifestyle, and demands. Autografts are the current standard, with the Quadriceps Tendon graft offering similar outcomes and fewer complications. Allografts are a secondary option for older, low-demand patients due to a shorter recovery period. Artificial grafts have limited use, lacking strong evidence for clinical advantages but may be considered for suturing torn ACL stumps and in cases were quick recovery is essential. Summary Contemporary orthopedic practitioners must possess comprehensive knowledge of various ACL reconstruction graft types to tailor interventions precisely to individual patient requirements. The selection of a graft should be rooted in a profound comprehension of patients' lifestyles, medical histories, and specific demands, thereby mitigating the subjective impact of any associated limitations for the patient.

Anterior chest wall depression known as Pectus excavatum (PE) , is currently the most common congenital chest wall deformation, with incidence estimated at 1/400 births, five times more frequently in boys than girls (5:1 ratio in occurrence). ¹ Etiology of this deformity is formed by several hypothesis, including overgrowth of the ribs, developmental failure of the bony thorax or weakness and abnormal flexibility of the sternum. While theoretical concepts of its origin may differ, the common ground is the characteristics of said deformation: a posterior depression of the sternum and the lower costal cartilages. ² Surgical treatment options were described since 1949 with Ravitch procedure and since then a number of new ones has been developed. For many years Ravitch and Nuss procedures were the main way to treat pectus excavatum, with a growing bias towards latter one. Since the Nuss procedure characterizes with less invasive approach and fever overall complications ³ its popularity outgrew Ravitch procedure and currently is described as MIRPE – Minimally Invasive Pectus Excavatum Repair. ⁴ However afterward then many new techniques were developed, focusing on reducing overall procedure risks, improving patient safety and quality of life and including new technical possibilities. The aim of this study was to gather and evaluate current literature to highlight new treatment options.