Control of udder health is an essential element in the process of safe milk production. Thus through the mastitis control program dairy farms regularly conduct measures of detection and prevention of udder diseases. Subclinical mastitis is an important disease of dairy cows causing economic losses and physical and chemical changes in milk. The aim of this research was to evaluate the usefulness of the California and the Draminski mastitis test to detect the subclinical mastitis in dairy cows. The efficacy of indirect mastitis tests for diagnosis of the subclinical mastitis was determined by comparing results of mastitis tests with bacteriological findings. The experiment was conducted on two dairy farms (farm A and farm B) Holstein - Friesian breed. A total of 245 quarter milk samples were examined, 95 quarter milk samples with the California mastitis test from farm A and 150 quarter milk samples with the Draminski mastitis test from farm B. A quarter milk samples for bacteriological analysis were taken aseptically during the morning milking in sterile test tubes. On farm A, bacteria growth has not been detected in 46.32% (44/95) quarter milk samples, while on farm B negative bacteriological findings have been found in 50.67% samples (76/150). In present study, sensitivity of the California mastitis test (78.57%) is higher than sensitivity of the Draminski mastitis test (74.32%). The specificity of the California mastitis test and the Draminski mastitis test is 82.05% and 30.26%, respectively. Efficacy of the California mastitis test in detection of the subclinical mastitis in dairy cows is better than that of the Draminski mastitis test, since accuracy of the California mastitis test has been higher.

This review explores the potential role of androgens in human breast cancer and female canine mammary tumors. Human breast cancer is one of the most common cancers affecting women globally, while female canine mammary tumors provide a natural model for the study of human breast cancer due to their similar histopathologies and molecular features. Androgen receptors, typically linked to male sex hormones, are present in up to 90% of human breast tumors. These receptors interact with estrogen-receptor signaling, suggesting their involvement in a complex mechanism in cancer progression. Androgen receptors have become key players in breast cancer biology, offering new targets for therapeutic strategies. The presence of these receptors in both human and canine tumors raises important questions about their role in the development of these malignancies. While the exact mechanisms remain to be fully elucidated, research suggests that targeting androgen-receptor signaling could be a novel therapeutic approach for both humans and canines. Further studies are necessary to fully understand the implications of androgen-receptor expression and to develop more effective targeted therapies for these cancers.

The morphometric parameters of erythrocytes in Mandarin ducks- Aix galericulata have never been subjected to study even though this species is common in aviculture. The aim of this study is to investigate the morphometric parameters of erythrocytes in juvenile Mandarin ducks. A total of 1500 erythrocytes obtained from thirty Mandarin ducks were analysed. The smears of the peripheral blood were stained using Diff-Quik^® stain method, and the length and width of erythrocytes were measured using ImageJ program. The average length of the measured erythrocytes was 11.879 µm. The maximal measured length of the erythrocytes was 16.049 µm, and the minimal measured length was 5.668 µm. The average width of the measured erythrocytes was 6.160 µm. The maximal measured width of the erythrocytes was 10.115 µm and the minimal measured width was 3.750 µm. In conclusion, knowing morphometric parameters of Mandarin duck erythrocytes is the first step in evaluation process of erythrocytes’ functional state and health condition of an individual.

Ductus papillaris presents the frontline of defense of the mammary gland against the penetration of microorganisms into the milk cystern and the mammary gland parenchyma. The specific structure of ductus papillaris is in the stratum corneum which lines the ductus papillaris. It is a fine layer similar to wax of various thickness. The thickness of the stratum corneum depends on the age and breed of the animal, as well as on the number of past lactation periods. The stratum corneum or the keratin layer of the ductus papillaris has a bacteriostatic and bactericidal effect and prevents the ascendent penetration of microorganisms into the mammary gland. Measurements of the thickness of the keratin layer of ductus papillaris of each udder quarter revealed the existence of different thickness of the keratin layer. Histological examinations of parenchyma sections of each udder quarter showed different degrees of leukocytary infiltration. The degree of the leukocytary infiltration indicates the existence of various inflammatory processes in the parenchyma that occurred due to the weak frontline defense of the mammary gland against the penetration of microorganisms.

Urolithiasis is a common condition in dogs which necessitates rapid diagnosis due to the potential complications associated with the presence of uroliths. This study aimed to evaluate the sensitivity and specificity of radiographic and ultrasonographic imaging in the detection of urolithiasis in dogs, using cystotomy findings as the reference standard. The study also sought to identify the most appropriate imaging modality based on the results obtained. A total of 117 dogs of different breeds, ages, sexes, and body weights, all presenting with one or more clinical signs of urinary tract disease, were examined. Following a general clinical examination, all the affected animals underwent both radiographic and ultrasonographic imaging. The final diagnosis was established through surgical removal of uroliths from the urinary bladder. A total of 35.04% (41/117) of the dogs were confirmed to have urinary bladder uroliths. Radiography detected uroliths in 33 of 41 cases, whereas ultrasonography identified uroliths in 35 of 41 cases. The sensitivity of radiography and ultrasonography in detecting uroliths was 80.49% and 85.37%, respectively. Ultrasonography demonstrated superior efficacy and accuracy compared to radiography attributable to its higher diagnostic performance. Nevertheless, the combined use of both radiographic and ultrasonographic imaging is recommended for the diagnosis of canine urolithiasis, as their combined application enhances diagnostic sensitivity.

Understanding the dynamics of swine health, including mortality rates during critical stages of development, is essential for improving overall productivity. The aim of this study was an examination of pig farms, focusing on performance metrics such as litter size, mortality rates among different age groups, and weight changes throughout the production cycle. The three farrowto-finish pig farms from South Backa District were selected based on their willingness to participate and provide accurate records. The statistical analysis, including one-way ANOVA and post hoc tests, provided further evidence of significant differences among the farms in specific metrics. By analyzing the results in this study, it could be concluded the importance of optimizing breeding, feeding, and health management strategies to enhance swine production efficiency.