BACKGROUND: Currently incidence and prevalence of sarcoidosis are increasing. Sarcoidosis is a systemic granulomatous lung disease of unknown aetiology, which is characterised by the involvement of different organ systems, variable disease course affecting young people and possessing an important issue in the modern world. The disease is extremely heterogeneous with an unpredictable clinical course. Interesting clinical cases are described in which, with a sufficient illustration of the stages of the course and diagnosis of sarcoidosis of the lungs and peripheral lymph nodes, the diagnosis was difficult. Late diagnosis and lack of correct therapy make prognosis in patients with lung sarcoidosis unfavourable. AIM: To conduct a morphometric study with the determination of the cellular composition of granulomas for the differential diagnosis of morphogenesis of granulomas in sarcoidosis and pulmonary tuberculosis. MATERIAL AND METHODS: An analysis of transthoracic biopsy of 89 patients with a verified diagnosis of sarcoidosis of the lungs and disseminated form of pulmonary tuberculosis was carried out. The resulting lung tissue material was carried out according to the standard histological method; conducted morphometric analysis. RESULTS: Sarcoid granulomas are characterised by an increase in lymphocytes, indicating the immune character of the lesion, an increase in fibroblasts, fibrocytes, and signs of activation of angiogenesis. While for TB granuloma an increase in the number of granulocytes and epithelioid cells is characteristic. These morphological criteria for the diagnosis of sarcoidosis of the lungs and lymph nodes are necessary for use in the practice of pathologists to verify the clinical diagnosis. CONCLUSION: Developed morphological and morphometric criteria for the differential diagnosis of sarcoidosis and pulmonary tuberculosis must be used in the practice of a pathologist to verify the clinical diagnosis, which will determine the adequate tactics of examination, administration, correction of the disease, and evaluation of the prognosis of the disease, taking into account identified clinical and laboratory data, results of instrumental research methods.

Background: Spontaneous abortion in the first trimester is a common adverse pregnancy outcome with significant implications for maternal health and public health practice. The description of associations with modifiable factors, including preconception care, can aid in planning strategies to improve pregnancy outcomes.Methods: A retrospective analysis was conducted using data from 1,526 women, divided into two groups based on pregnancy outcomes: spontaneous abortion in the first trimester and live births. Binary and multivariate logistic regression analyses were performed to identify associations between factors (including preconception care) and the risk of spontaneous abortion in the first trimester.Results: Age >35 years [[OR] = 2.02, 95% [CI] = 1.49–2.75], obesity [[OR] = 1.81, 95% [CI] = 1.12–2.91], and a history of spontaneous abortion [[OR] = 1.57, 95% [CI] = 1.01–2.43] were associated with higher odds of spontaneous abortion in the first trimester, whereas preconception care was associated with lower odds of spontaneous abortion in the first trimester [[OR] = 0.58, 95% [CI] = 0.45–0.75].Conclusion: The findings may help clinicians stratify pregnant women who require additional monitoring and pre-pregnancy interventions. From a public health perspective, integrating preconception care into routine health services can enhance maternal and neonatal outcomes, reduce healthcare costs, and improve health equity by targeting vulnerable populations. However, the results should be interpreted as associations, and prospective studies are needed to assess the potential effects of preconception care on spontaneous abortion in the first trimester.

BACKGROUND: Allergic diseases of pregnant women are associated with chronic placental insufficiency and the development of immunopathological conditions of unknown etiology in a child in postnatal life. Pregnancy with bronchial asthma is often complicated by intrauterine growth retardation, preeclampsia, and antenatal fetal death. AIM: The objective was to present a clinical case of recurrent antenatal fetal death in the third trimester in women with bronchial asthma under controlled course. CASE REPORT: Pregnancy proceeded without clinical signs of exacerbation of bronchial asthma and allergic status. However, chronic inflammation with eosinophilia in the intervillous space and the basal lamina was revealed in the placenta tissue. Eosinophilia of the intervillous area was accompanied by obliteration of the intervillous area by fibrin deposits. CONCLUSION: We suppose that immunological inflammation at the fetoplacental unit level can occur regardless of the mother’s allergic status. Moreover, it is likely that the objective state of the mother in the presence of an allergic disease does not reflect the presence/absence of an immunological process in the placenta, as the immunological inflammatory process can develop in different compartments (at the level of the mother’s body and the placental-fetal compartment) with varying degrees of severity.

Objectives: To evaluate the diagnostic and prognostic value of histophenotyping of the extracellular matrix of the cervical stroma at cervical intraepithelial neoplasia (CIN). Methods: Retrospective analysis of 160 biopsies and surgical preparations of the cervix in women of reproductive age included cases of CIN 1–3 and the group with confirmed persistence or lesion progression (CIN P) at repeated biopsy. The control group (n = 40) consisted of morphologically intact cervical tissue. Histophenotypes were evaluated by staining with hematoxylin, eosin, and Masson trichrome, and classified as follows: normal (dense parallel bundles of type I collagen), intermediate (disorganized and fragmented type I collagen fibers), and myxoid (amorphous weakly fibrillar matrix). The clinical, viral, and inflammatory characteristics between histophenotypes were statistically compared. Results: The distribution of histophenotypes of the extracellular matrix of the cervix varied significantly depending on the CIN degree (p < 0.001). In the control group, the normal pattern was detected in 97.5% of cases; its frequency decreased from CIN 1 (27.5%) to CIN 2 (12.5%) and was absent at CIN 3. The frequency of the myxoid pattern increased significantly in severe and persistent forms: 55% at CIN 3 and 62.5% at CIN P. Human papillomavirus 16/18 was most frequently detected in groups with intermediate (69.1%) and myxoid (27.2%) patterns. Inflammatory changes were more often accompanied by disorganized extracellular matrix; however, intermediate and myxoid types also occurred in the absence of inflammation. Conclusions: The myxoid histophenotype of the extracellular matrix is significantly associated with the high degree of dysplasia and CIN persistence. It can reflect the morphological equivalent of tumor-associated stroma remodeling. Histophenotyping of the extracellular matrix of the cervix appears to be a promising method of risk stratification and may complement existing diagnostic algorithms for CIN.

Relevance. The prevalence of cervical ectopia varies from 17 to 59%. Cervical ectopia is diagnosed in 54.2% young women under 25 years of age. It is most often diagnosed during preventive examinations. Cervical ectopia is considered a variant of the normal histophysiological condition of the cervix. At the same time, it has been proven that in ectopia, the cylindrical epithelium with its crypts is the main and ideal place for the introduction of sexually transmitted infections. The complicated course of ectopia against the background of the inflammatory process is observed in 67.7-71.2% cases, contributes to the disruption of epithelial proliferation processes and can lead to the development of dysplasia and cellular atypism.Aim. To analyze the literary sources devoted to cervical ectopia associated with sexually transmitted infections in young unborn women.Materials and methods. The literary review and analysis of publications on the topic in sources indexed in e-Library, Google Academy, Pubmed databases. The keywords to search were cervical ectopia, human papillomavirus, and pathology of the uterus. The inclusion criteria were the reports on randomized and cohort studies conducted on large populations, meta-analyses and systematic reviews, original full-text articles in English and Russian, which are publicly available and contain statistically confirmed conclusions. The exclusion criteria were summary reports, newspaper articles and personal messages. The result of the relevant search was 1,200 articles, and 32 articles were selected for final analysis.Results and discussion. The results showed that cervical ectopia associated with sexually transmitted infections, especially papillomavirus infection, occurs with high frequency among women of young reproductive age, which accordingly increases the risk of cervical cancer developing.Conclusion. Thus, cervical ectopia is common among young women and adolescents, and is almost always associated with sexually transmitted infections.

Relevance: The placenta plays a crucial role in ensuring normal pregnancy progression by facilitating metabolic exchange, hormonal regulation, and fetal immune protection. Abnormalities in its development and structure are associated with severe perinatal complications, including intrauterine growth restriction (IUGR), congenital malformations (CM), and hypoxic-ischemic encephalopathy (HIE).The study aimed to systematize current knowledge on the stages of placental morphogenesis, modern classifications of placental pathology, and their clinical implications in complicated pregnancies.Materials and Methods: This review analyzed 41 peer-reviewed publications selected from PubMed, Scopus, and eLibrary (2015–2024) using keywords: “placental morphogenesis,” “Amsterdam classification,” “IUGR,” “HIE,” and “villitis.” Inclusion criteria: (1) studies with histopathological data; (2) clear clinical-pathological correlations; (3) adherence to modern classifications (Amsterdam 2021). Exclusion criteria: case reports and pre-2015 literature. PRISMA-guided screening of 78 initially identified records yielded 41 relevant sources.Results: The review outlined six key stages of physiological placental morphogenesis and identified four major pathological patterns: maternal and fetal vascular malperfusion, acute chorioamnionitis, and chronic villitis. Their morphological characteristics, pathogenesis, and clinical correlations with perinatal complications (e.g., IUGR, CM, HIE) have been critically reviewed.Conclusion: Modern classifications of placental pathology and advances in understanding morphogenesis are critical for early diagnosis and prevention of pregnancy complications. Timely identification of histological abnormalities can improve perinatal outcomes and reduce neonatal morbidity and mortality. Further research is needed to refine clinical monitoring protocols and therapeutic strategies.