In this research, polymer composite sheets were developed by blending poly (vinylidene fluoride-co-hexafluoropropylene) or P(VDF-HFP) with varying concentrations of barium sulfate (BaSO₄) for X-ray shielding applications. The photon counting technique was used to evaluate the composite shielding characteristics through the linear attenuation coefficient. Surface properties, including surface morphology, hydrophobicity, and surface energy, were analyzed using an atomic force microscope (AFM) and a water contact angle machine. Scanning electron microscopy (SEM) was employed to investigate the microstructural distribution and dispersion of BaSO₄ particles within the polymer matrix, providing insights into the composite’s uniformity and structural integrity. Additionally, the bulk properties of the composite polymer sheets, such as crystal structures, tensile strength, and thermal stability, were examined. The results demonstrate that increasing the concentration of BaSO₄ in BaSO₄/P(VDF-HFP) composite sheets significantly improves their X-ray attenuation capabilities. Moreover, higher BaSO₄ concentrations enhance the material’s hydrophobicity, flexibility, and thermal stability, highlighting the potential of these composites for advanced radiation shielding applications.

Polysulfone, a hydrophobic polymer, requires modifications to its hydrophilicity for applications in water or gas filtration. This study investigates the effectiveness of atmospheric-pressure plasma jet (APPJ) and low-pressure plasma (LPP) techniques in altering the hydrophilicity of polysulfone surfaces. Initially, the membranes were prepared using the dry-wet phase inversion technique. Subsequently, their surfaces were modified using APPJ and LPP treatment. The prepared membranes were exposed to argon plasma gases from APPJ and LPP, both operating power of 60 W and with an exposure time of 4 min. From a physical perspective, APPJ’s ambient operation promoted higher hydroxyl radical (OH) densities (∼1015 cm–3) due to collisions between argon metastables and atmospheric water vapor. In contrast, LPP’s vacuum environment favored ion bombardment mechanisms. Plasma properties were diagnosed using an Optical Emission Spectrometer (OES). Spectroscopic analysis confirmed that the APPJ exhibited a 40% stronger OH emission intensity (309 nm peak) compared to LPP, indicating enhanced surface functionalization. The modified membranes were also evaluated for water contact angle (WCA), surface energy, surface roughness and chemical composition. Surface characterization revealed that the APPJ-treated membranes exhibited superior hydrophilicity, with a lower water contact angle (32.4° ± 1.7°) and higher surface energy (61.3 ± 1.2 mJ/m²) compared to the LPP-treated membranes (36.9° ± 1.0°, 58.6 ± 0.4 mJ/m²). The results from WCA and surface energy indicate that the hydrophilicity of the PSF membrane treated with APPJ was significantly enhanced compared to that of the LPP-treated membrane. Meanwhile, X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) and atomic force microscopy (AFM) demonstrated increased oxygen-containing groups and surface roughness post-treatment. Therefore, the APPJ technique emerges as a promising method for enhancing the hydrophilicity of polysulfone membranes due to its operational simplicity, cost-effectiveness, and superior performance. HIGHLIGHTS Polysulfone membranes can be hydrophilized using atmospheric pressure plasma discharge. Comparing to the membrane characteristics of the modified membrane using an atmospheric-pressure plasma jet (APPJ) and a low-pressure plasma (LPP) technique. Atmospheric-pressure plasma jet (APPJ) offers promising results in enhancing the hydrophilicity properties of polysulfone membranes. GRAPHICAL ABSTRACT

In this research, polymer composite sheets were developed by blending poly (vinylidene fluoride-co-hexafluoropropylene) or P(VDF-HFP) with varying concentrations of barium sulfate (BaSO₄) for X-ray shielding applications. The photon counting technique was used to evaluate the composite shielding characteristics through the linear attenuation coefficient. Surface properties, including surface morphology, hydrophobicity, and surface energy, were analyzed using an atomic force microscope (AFM) and a water contact angle machine. Scanning electron microscopy (SEM) was employed to investigate the microstructural distribution and dispersion of BaSO₄ particles within the polymer matrix, providing insights into the composite's uniformity and structural integrity. Additionally, the bulk properties of the composite polymer sheets, such as crystal structures, tensile strength, and thermal stability, were examined. The results demonstrate that increasing the concentration of BaSO₄ in BaSO₄/P(VDF-HFP) composite sheets significantly improves their X-ray attenuation capabilities. Moreover, higher BaSO₄ concentrations enhance the material's hydrophobicity, flexibility, and thermal stability, highlighting the potential of these composites for advanced radiation-shielding applications.