Exosomal miRNAs from individual cells are crucial in regulating the immune response to infectious diseases. In this study, we performed small RNA sequencing (small RNA-seq) analysis to identify the expressed and associated exosomal miRNAs in the serum of cattle infected with lumpy skin disease virus (LSDV). Cattle were infected with a 10^6.5 TCID50/mL LSDV Vietnam/HaTinh/CX01 (HT10) strain and exosomal miRNA expression in the serum of infected cattle was analyzed using small RNA sequencing (small RNA-seq). We identified 59 differentially expressed (DE) miRNAs in LSDV-infected cattle compared to uninfected controls, including 18 upregulated and 41 downregulated miRNAs. These 59 miRNAs were used to predict 7656 target genes. Gene Ontology (GO) and Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes (KEGG) analyses revealed that the target genes were enriched in several biological processes and pathways associated with viral replication, immune response, virus–host interactions, and signal transduction. Additionally, we identified 708 potentially novel cattle miRNAs corresponding to 710 genomic loci. The transcription levels of five miRNA genes (bta-miR-11985, bta-miR-1281, bta-miR-12034, bta-miR-let-7i, and bta-miR-17-5p) were validated using reverse transcription quantitative real-time PCR, showing consistency with the small RNA-seq results. Overall, these findings provide significant insights into the immune and protective responses during LSDV infection in cattle, offering valuable information on identifying new biomarkers and understanding the pathogenesis of LSDV.

Objective: Probiotics are living microorganisms that can provide health benefits when consumed. Here, we investigated the effects of probiotics on gene expression in the spleen of mice using RNA-sequencing analysis between negative control and probiotic groups (including 4 Lactobacillus strains: Lactobacillus fermentum, L. casei, L. plantarum, and L. brevis).Methods: Mice exposed with probiotic in 4 weeks by intragastric administration. Then, spleen tissues of the control and probiotics groups were collected on days 14 and 28 for RNA sequencing.Results: In total, 665, 186, and 81 differentially expressed genes (DEGs) were significantly expressed on day 14 vs control, day 28 vs control groups, and probiotics day 28 vs day 14 groups, respectively. On the other hand, 12 toll-like receptor genes underwent additional validation through quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction (qRT-PCR), affirming the increased alignment between qRT-PCR and RNA-Seq findings. In addition, the Kyoto encyclopedia of genes and genomes and gene ontology analyses revealed that the DEGs were predominantly enriched in defense responses to pathogens, including inflammatory bowel diseases, malaria, leukaemia virus 1, and herpes virus, as well as immune processes related to immune response and signal transduction. This study represents the first investigation into mice's gene expression in the spleen exposed to probiotics using Lactobacillus spp. isolated from a field strain in Vietnam.Conclusion: Our results provide valuable insights into the impacts and functions of probiotics on mammalian development, offering crucial information for the potential therapeutic use of probiotics in defending against pathogens in Vietnam. The findings from this study highlight the potential of probiotics in modulating gene expression in the spleen, which may have implications for immune function and overall health in mice.

Objective: Lumpy skin disease (LSD) is a reemerging viral disease impacting cattle and buffaloes, posing substantial economic risks. However, the expression profile of noncoding RNAs (ncRNAs) in LSD virus (LSDV)-infected bovines has yet to be investigated. In this study, we employed small RNA sequencing (RNA-seq) to assess the expression of various ncRNAs in serum-derived exosomes from LSDV-infected bovines. We particularly focused on the bio-functional activity of PIWI-interacting RNAs (piRNAs).Methods: Cattle were infected with a 106.5 TCID50/mL LSDV Vietnam/HaTinh/CX01 (HT10) strain and ncRNAs expression in the serum of infected cattle was analyzed small RNA-seq.Results: We identified 426 significantly differentially expressed (DE) piRNAs in serumderived exosomes from LSDV-infected bovines compared to control groups, with 80 piRNAs being upregulated and 346 piRNA genes downregulated. Pathway analysis of DE piRNAs revealed their involvement in metabolism, cell signaling, and immune response pathways. Additionally, we identified a total of 35,170 tRNAs, 917 snoRNAs, 1,578 sn-RNAs, 17 Y-RNAs, five small cytoplasmic RNAs (scRNAs), ten vault RNAs, 248 sRNAs, 1,064 piRNAs, and 1,011 miRNAs (not shown in this study) expressed in serum-derived exosomes from LSDV-infected bovines. Among these, 15,649 DE tRNAs, 476 DE snoRNAs, 861 DE snRNAs, 11 DE Y-RNAs, three DE scRNAs, three DE vault RNAs, and 134 DE sRNAs were identified when compared to the control group.Conclusion: Our comprehensive analysis of small RNA-seq data revealed numerous DE ncRNAs in serum-derived exosomes from LSDV-infected bovines compared to controls. We propose that further elucidation and validation of the functions of these ncRNAs may be beneficial for the diagnosis, treatment, and prognosis of LSDV in bovines.