Urban parks are vital public spaces that provide cultural ecosystem services (CESs) that enhance the well-being of city dwellers. As the demand for CESs has greatly increased, the imbalance between CES supply and demand has become prominent. Accurately identifying whether the supply of CESs meets the demand supports urban park planning and management. However, the CES supply–demand gap lies not only in the quantitative resource deficits, but also in the spatial mismatch between supply and demand. At present, scientific quantification methods for urban park CES supply and demand that comprehensively consider both quantitative and spatial relationships remain inadequate. To fill this gap, we propose an integrated framework that combines spatial and quantitative analysis to identify the supply and demand of urban park CESs, using Shanghai as the study area. The framework consists of three major steps: (1) mapping the CES supply and demand of urban parks; (2) identifying the CES supply–demand relationship by combining quantitative analysis through bivariate mapping with spatial analysis using spatial statistics; (3) categorizing the supply–demand relationship into four scenarios based on quantity balance and spatial matching, with three corresponding planning proposals. The results show that 136 sub-districts belong to the quantity balance and space matching type, while 79 sub-districts belonging to the imbalanced quantities type, including 41 belonging to the quantity imbalance and space mismatching type. Notably, only 15 sub-districts face a situation where supply is less than demand. Our findings provide a solid basis for identifying key areas of CES supply–demand conflict and prioritizing targeted planning interventions. This approach not only improves the efficiency of CES provision, but also addresses the growing demand for high-quality CESs in rapidly urbanizing regions.

The thermal environment of urban riverside open spaces is crucial for enhancing outdoor comfort and well-being, especially amid extreme heat events caused by global warming and Urban Heat Islands (UHIs). Although significant progress has been made in this area, existing research still has some limitations. This study employed a scenario-based numerical simulation approach to investigate the combined impacts of spatial morphology and wind direction on the thermal environment and thermal comfort (TETC) in riverside districts along the Huangpu River in Shanghai. Focusing on two prototypes—O and SO types—we identified key factors influencing TETC, including tree canopy coverage, vegetation layout, building density, and building height. The findings also reveal that dense canopies and thoughtful building layout significantly enhance daytime thermal comfort, while controlled building height and increased riverbank distance are effective strategies for nighttime comfort. This study highlights the importance of considering both landscape morphology and wind conditions in climate-adaptive planning and design for urban riverside areas.

A well-structured urban park system (UPS) is crucial for optimizing urban spatial layout and improving the quality of the human living environment. In response to the tendency of current planning to prioritize quantitative indicators while overlooking the relational structure arising from the collective spatial configuration of parks, this study introduces Social Network Analysis (SNA) to evaluate the spatial structure of Shanghai’s park system by constructing a service-coverage overlap network. The findings reveal the following: (1) Parks with high degree centrality are concentrated in high-density urban core areas due to service overlap, whereas large suburban parks with high betweenness centrality function as critical bridging hubs, reflecting a polycentric structure. (2) There is a discernible discrepancy between these emergent network tiers and the statutory park hierarchy, highlighting a tension between bottom-up spatial patterns and top-down planning frameworks. (3) Stability simulations indicate a dual character of the system, where the network topology is vulnerable to attacks yet functionally resilient to failures due to spatial redundancy, suggesting that a decline in service quality may precede the loss of basic accessibility. This study demonstrates the value of SNA in diagnosing park system structure, identifying key nodes, and assessing system resilience. The insights advocate for planning approaches that transcend rigid hierarchical frameworks, integrate the actual functional roles of parks, and protect structural hubs, thereby enhancing systemic resilience and promoting equitable service provision.

Computer-Aided Design and Applications is an international journal on the applications of CAD and CAM. It publishes papers in the general domain of CAD plus in emerging fields like bio-CAD, nano-CAD, soft-CAD, garment-CAD, PLM, PDM, CAD data mining, CAD and the internet, CAD education, genetic algorithms and CAD engines. The journal is aimed at all developers and users of CAD technology to ptovide CAD solutions for various stages of design and manufacturing. The journal publishes all about Computer-Aided Design and Computer-Aided technologies.