With the growing interest to harness cancer metabolism and energy reprogramming, this mini review aimed to explain the metabolic programming revealing the mechanisms regarding the treatment resistance. This mini review summarized the prominent cancer metabolic reprogramming on macromolecules. In addition, metabolic reprogramming explaining immune response and treatment resistance as well as energy reprogramming mechanisms are briefly discussed. Finally, some prospects in MR for reversing cancer drug resistance are highlighted.

Pancreatitis, an inflammatory disorder of the pancreas, remains a significant clinical challenge owing to its complex pathogenesis and the lack of reliable biomarkers for early diagnosis and effective treatment. Exosomes, small extracellular vesicles containing a variety of biomolecules including microRNAs (miRNAs), have been identified as key mediators of intercellular communication. Emerging evidence highlight the pivotal role of exosomal miRNAs in the regulation of pancreatic inflammation, fibrosis and cellular responses during pancreatitis. The present review comprehensively examined the mechanisms by which exosomal miRNAs contribute to the pathophysiology of pancreatitis. It discussed the effect of exosomal miRNAs on various cell types, such as pancreatic acinar cells, immune cells and pancreatic stellate cells, highlighting their roles in modulating inflammation, fibrosis and tissue remodeling. Furthermore, it explored the potential of exosomal miRNAs as non‑invasive biomarkers for diagnosing pancreatitis and predicting disease progression. The present review provided an overview of current research and discusses future directions for exosomal miRNA‑based therapies, offering new insights into potential strategies for managing pancreatitis.