Tropical Rainfall Measuring Mission (TRMM) 3B43 rainfall products during the period of 1998~2016 are evaluated via monthly and yearly precipitation data from 56 observational stations over the Yangtze River Delta (YRD). The results are as follows: (1) annual rainfall increases gradually from northwest to southwest and monthly precipitation surges sharply, owing to rainband’s abrupt pushing north caused by the westward and northward extension of Western Pacific Subtropical High, to 200 mm/month in July; (2) only seized by the TRMM, the developing process of ChunAn precipitation center synchronizes with monthly precipitation series that may recycle throughout the year; (3) 3B43 data are inclined to overestimate precipitation but performs the best (relative bias ranging within −10~10%) at most parts of the YRD zone; and its correlation coefficient with observation is 0.88 in annual scale; for monthly scale, CC peaks in March (0.96) and reaches the bottom (0.79) in August; (4) no evident connection between CC and elevation is found in the 3B43 annual rainfall products which estimate precipitation better upon urban land. This paper is of importance in understanding the impacts of complex topography and landcovers on the precipitation assessment in a river delta scale.

Ground-based measurements were carried out during field campaigns in April–June of 2010, 2011 and 2012 over northwestern China at Minqin, the Semi-Arid Climate and Environment Observatory of Lanzhou University (SACOL) and Dunhuang. In this study, three dust cases were examined, and the statistical results of dust occurrence, along with physical and optical properties, were analyzed. The results show that both lofted dust layers and near-surface dust layers were characterized by extinction coefficients of 0.25–1.05 km⁻¹ and high particle depolarization ratios (PDRs) of 0.25–0.40 at 527 nm wavelength. During the three campaigns, the frequencies of dust occurrence retrieved from the lidar observations were all higher than 88%, and the highest frequency was in April. The vertical distributions revealed that the maximum height of dust layers typically reached 7.8–9 km or higher. The high intensity of dust layers mostly occurred within the planetary boundary layer (PBL). The monthly averaged PDRs decreased from April to June, which implies a dust load reduction. A comparison of the relationship between the aerosol optical depth at 500 nm (AOD₅₀₀) and the Angstrom exponent at 440–870 nm (AE_440–870) confirms that there is a more complex mixture of dust aerosols with other types of aerosols when the effects of human activities become significant.

Qilian mountains, located in the arid and semi-arid region of Northwest China, has more amount of natural precipitation than that on both north and south sides, with unique geographical environment and abundant water vapor supply. It is a very important water resource for the surrounding areas. To deeper understand the features of cloud over the areas is significant for the utilization of cloud water resources and sustainable development in this region. In this article, based on MOD08-M3 data, grid ground precipitation data and FY-2 series satellite cloud parameter inversion products, the spatial and temporal features of cloud macro/micro physical parameters, such as Cloud Amount（CA）, Cloud Water Path（CWP）, Cloud Top Temperature（CTT）, Cloud Top Pressure（CTP）, Cloud Optical Depth（COD） and Cloud Particle Effective Radius (CPER) over Qilian Mountains area were analyzed, as well as the relationship between the precipitation and cloud parameters. The results are as follows:(1) The regional average values of CA, CWP, CTP, COD and CPER in Qilian Mountains area are 55.50 %, 148.95 g/m², -21.13 ℃, 456.56 hPa, 12.64 and 21.04 μm, respectively. From 2006 to 2015, CA, CWP, COD and CPER decreased by 2.3 %, 21 g/m², 0.68 and 0.51 μm, respectively. CTT and CTP increased by 1.9 ℃ and 65.2 hPa, respectively. Cloud water resources over the area are abundant. (2) There is the richest cloud water resource over the main area of Qilian Mountains, and the cloud parameter condition in Wushaoling area is the best for precipitation. The high value areas of CA in four seasons are distributed in Xining and surroundings, main and south part of mountain range, and Lenghu area, respectively. The high value areas of CWP in four seasons are located in the northeast, north-middle the main part of mountain area and the eastern side of Subei, respectively. The high value areas of COD are located in the east of Subei in winter and in the southeast of the study area in other seasons. The high value areas of CPER in spring are located in the region except Hexi Corridor. In other seasons they are located between Lenghu and Subei, Subei and Tuole, and in the northeast of range, respectively. (3) The monthly precipitation is positively correlated with CA , CWP, COD, but negatively correlated with CTT and CTP. The relationship between CPERs and precipitation is positive in January, April, July, November and December, but negative in other months. CA and CPERs are most correlated with precipitation in May and September, respectively. while the correlation between other cloud parameters and precipitation are the highest in January. (4) When the values of COD and CPER are too small or too large, the actual precipitation will be limited. Key words: Cloud physical parameters; Precipitation; Water resource; Qilian Mountains

It is pointed out that the construction of coastal cities in South Korea will be affected by typhoons, especially in Busan, which will lead to certain losses. This paper concludes that the urban heat island effect also affects buildings. However, facade protection cannot only strengthen the office building but also reduce its energy consumption. The use of vertical greening facades can further reduce the consumption of cooling and heating in high-rise buildings. In this study, PHOENICS was used to measure and analyze the wind environment and thermal radiation environment of buildings. In addition, it was utilized to simplify the simulation environment of municipal buildings and obtain the analysis results. Preservation of old buildings can also improve their appearance. We believe that through this study, the vertical greening design of facades can be paid attention to and applied to green buildings.