With the intensification of climate change and the continuous advancement of urbanization, the pressure on urban drainage systems has increased, leading to the growing prominence of urban waterlogging issues. Besides the destruction of infrastructure, urban waterlogging also affects environmental quality, economy, and residents’ daily lives. Researchers have recently analyzed the causes of urban waterlogging from multiple perspectives, including land-use changes driven by urbanization, the inadequacy of urban drainage systems, and extreme rainfall events resulting from climate change. Various strategies have been proposed to address waterlogging, including optimizing urban green spaces, establishing forecasting systems, and creating effective emergency management systems. Additionally, some scholars highlight the significance of integrated urban planning and interdepartmental collaboration, suggesting that multi-party cooperation can help mitigate the risks of waterlogging. This paper conducts a comprehensive literature review to summarize the current research status of urban waterlogging, focusing on theoretical, experimental, numerical simulation, and artificial intelligence approaches. The review aims to provide a clearer understanding of the existing knowledge, identify gaps for future research and propose ideas that combine advanced technologies and interdisciplinary approaches.