Background: Acute ischemic stroke (AIS) is a primary cause of death and disability worldwide. Four markers that can be readily determined from peripheral blood, namely, the systemic immune-inflammation index (SII), neutrophil-to-lymphocyte ratio (NLR), platelet-to-lymphocyte ratio (PLR), and total bilirubin, were measured in this study. We examined the relationship between the SII and in-hospital mortality after AIS and evaluated which of the above four indicators was most accurate for predicting in-hospital mortality after AIS.Methods: We selected patients from the Medical Information Mart for Intensive Care-IV (MIMIC-IV) database who were aged >18 years and who were diagnosed with AIS on admission. We collected the patients’ baseline characteristics, including various clinical and laboratory data. To investigate the relationship between the SII and in-hospital mortality in patients with AIS, we employed the generalized additive model (GAM). Differences in in-hospital mortality between the groups were summarized by the Kaplan–Meier survival analysis and the log-rank test. The receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curve analysis was used to assess the accuracy of the four indicators (SII, NLR, PLR, and total bilirubin) for predicting in-hospital mortality in patients with AIS.Results: The study included 463 patients, and the in-hospital mortality rate was 12.31%. The GAM analysis showed a positive correlation between the SII and in-hospital mortality in patients with AIS, but the correlation was not linear. Unadjusted Cox regression identified a link between a high SII and an increased probability of in-hospital mortality. We also found that patients with an SII of >1,232 (Q2 group) had a considerably higher chance of in-hospital mortality than those with a low SII (Q1 group). The Kaplan–Meier analysis demonstrated that patients with an elevated SII had a significantly lower chance of surviving their hospital stay than those with a low SII. According to the results of the ROC curve analysis, the in-hospital mortality of patients with AIS predicted by the SII had an area under the ROC curve of 0.65, which revealed that the SII had a better discriminative ability than the NLR, PLR, and total bilirubin.Conclusion: The in-hospital mortality of patients with AIS and the SII were positively correlated, but not linearly. A high SII was associated with a worse prognosis in patients with AIS. The SII had a modest level of discrimination for forecasting in-hospital mortality. The SII was slightly better than the NLR and significantly better than the PLR and total bilirubin for predicting in-hospital mortality in patients with AIS.

Objective: This study aimed to comprehensively compare the efficacy of 12 interventions for diabetic foot ulcer (DFU) using a network meta-analysis (NMA). Methods: The NMA was conducted by PRISMA guidelines, and the protocol was registered in PROSPERO (CRD42023461811). PubMed, Web of Science, Cochrane Library, and Embase databases were systematically searched from inception to September 2023. Randomized controlled trials (RCTs) enrolling patients with DFU were included if they compared epidermal growth factor (EGF), platelet-derived growth factor (PDGF), platelet-rich plasma (PRP), stem cells (SC), low-frequency ultrasound (LFU), negative pressure wound therapy (NPWT), low-level laser therapy (LLLT), electric stimulation (ES), extracorporeal shockwave therapy (ESWT), amniotic membrane therapy (AMT), hyperbaric oxygen therapy (HBOT), and topical oxygen therapy (TOT) against standard of care (SOC) or placebo. The primary endpoint assessed was the wound healing rate. Secondary endpoints comprised wound healing time, percentage area reduction (PAR), and amputation rate. The surface under the cumulative ranking curve (SUCRA) was calculated to rank the efficacy of interventions. Results: A total of 99 RCTs involving 7,356 patients were included. Among the 12 interventions analyzed, only LFU (OR = 2.20; 95% CI [0.99–4.91]) and ES (OR = 1.88; 95% CI [0.87–4.05]) did not demonstrate statistically significant improvements in ulcer healing rate compared with SOC. Based on SUCRA rankings, SC (SUCRA = 89.7%; OR = 5.71; 95% CI [2.64–12.34]) and AMT (SUCRA = 89.2%; OR = 5.11; 95% CI [3.12–8.37]) ranked highest in promoting ulcer healing, while LFU (29.4%) and SOC (10.4%) ranked lowest. Regarding wound healing time, AMT (MD = –26.91 days; 95% CI [−44.27 to −9.55]), PRP (MD = –21.65 days; 95% CI [−33.61 to −9.69]), and NPWT (MD = −16.79 days; 95% CI [−31.12 to −2.26]) significantly reduced healing durations compared to SOC. SUCRA rankings indicated that AMT (84.7%) and PRP (74.6%) ranked highest, while LFU (29.4%) and SOC (10.4%) remained lowest. Concerning PAR, LLLT (MD = 34.27; 95% CI [17.35–51.20]) and ESWT (MD = 27.50; 95% CI [11.00–44.00]) showed significant improvements over SOC, with LLLT (SUCRA = 93.9%) and ESWT (SUCRA = 84.0%) ranking highest, while SOC (21.0%) and TOT (18.3%) ranked lowest. For amputation rate, SC (OR = 0.12; 95% CI [0.03–0.55]) and HBOT (OR = 0.35; 95% CI [0.16–0.78]) significantly lowered the risk compared to SOC, with SUCRA rankings placing SC (79.9%) and PRP (73.2%) as most effective, while NPWT (26.4%) and SOC (9.9%) were least effective. Conclusions: SC and AMT emerged as highly effective, demonstrating superior efficacy in improving healing rate compared to PDGF, ES, and HBOT. AMT also showed significant effects in shortening ulcer healing time. LLLT exhibited considerable effectiveness in reducing ulcer areas, and SC therapy was associated with reduced amputation rate.

Stroke often results in varying degrees of functional impairment, significantly affecting patients' quality of daily life. In recent years, brain-computer interface-controlled functional electrical stimulation has offered new therapeutic approaches for post-stroke rehabilitation. This paper reviews the application of BCI-FES in the recovery of upper limb function after stroke and explores its underlying mechanisms. By analyzing relevant studies, the aim is to provide a theoretical basis for rehabilitating upper limb function post-stroke, promote BCI-FES, and offer guidance for future clinical practice.

In recent years, with the aggravation of aging, the incidence of neurodegenerative diseases is increasing year by year, and the prognosis of patients is poor. Functional Near-Infrared Spectroscopy (fNIRS) is a new and non-invasive neuroimaging technology, which has been gradually deepened in the application research of neurodegenerative diseases by virtue of its unique neurooxygen signal brain functional imaging characteristics in monitoring the disease condition, making treatment plans and evaluating the treatment effect. In this paper, the mechanism of action and technical characteristics of fNIRS are briefly introduced, and the application research of fNIRS in different neurodegenerative diseases is summarized in order to provide new ideas for future related research and clinical application.

Diabetic foot ulcers (DFU), diabetic peripheral neuropathy (DPN) and peripheral arterial disease (PAD) are common complications of diabetes mellitus, while diabetic peripheral neuropathy and peripheral arterial disease contribute to the pathogenesis of diabetic foot ulcers, and the pathogenic mechanisms between these three diseases still need further investigation. The keywords ‘diabetic foot ulcer’, ‘diabetic peripheral neuropathy’ and ‘atherosclerosis’ were used to search for related gene sets in the GEO database. Differentially expressed genes (DEGs) were screened and analysed for GO, KEGG and enrichR functional enrichment. Potential three disease biomarkers were identified by SVM‐SVM‐RFE and LASSO regression analysis. The results were also validated using external datasets and discriminability was measured by area under the ROC curve (AUC). Finally, biomarkers and co‐upregulated genes were analysed through the GSEA and Attie Laboratories diabetes databases. A total of 11 shared genes (KRT16, CD24, SAMD9L, SRGAP2, FGL2, GPR34, DDIT4, NFE2L3, FBLN5, ANXA3 and CPA3), two biomarkers (SAMD9L and FGL2) and one co‐upregulated gene (CD24) were screened. GO and KEGG pathway analysis of DEGs, enrichr enrichment analysis of shared differential genes and GSEA analysis of biomarkers showed that these significant genes were mainly focused on vasoregulatory, inflammatory‐oxidative stress and immunomodulatory pathways. In this study, we used bioinformatics to investigate the intrinsic relationship and potential mechanisms of three common lower extremity complications of diabetes and identified two pivotal genes using the LASSO model and the SVM‐RFE algorithm, which will further help clinicians to understand the relationship between diabetic complications, improve the diagnosis and treatment of diabetic foot problems and help doctors to identify the potential risk factors of diabetic foot.

Alzheimer’s disease (AD) is the most common neurodegenerative disease in the central nervous system, characterized by memory and cognitive dysfunction. Acupuncture is an effective means to alleviate the symptoms of AD. Recent studies have shown that microglia play an important role in the occurrence and development of AD. Acupuncture can regulate the activity of microglia, inhibit neuroinflammation, regulate phagocytosis, and clear Aβ Pathological products such as plaque can protect nerve cells and improve cognitive function in AD patients. This article summarizes the relationship between microglia and AD, as well as the research progress in the mechanism of acupuncture regulating microglia in the treatment of AD. The mechanism of acupuncture regulating microglia in the treatment of AD is mainly reviewed from two aspects: inhibiting neuroinflammatory activity and regulating phagocytic function.