G-C₃N₄ and g-C₃N₄/TCNQ composites with different doping levels were prepared using the copolymerization thermal method with melamine as a precursor. XRD, FT-IR, SEM, TEM, DRS, PL, and I-T characterized them. The composites were successfully prepared in this study. The photocatalytic degradation of pefloxacin (PEF), enrofloxacin (ciprofloxacin), and ciprofloxacin (ciprofloxacin) under visible light (λ > 550 nm) showed that the composite material had the best degradation effect on PEF. When TCNQ doping is 20 mg and catalyst dosage is 50 mg, the catalytic effect is the best, and the degradation rate reaches 91.6%, k = 0.0111 min⁻¹, which is four times that of g-C₃N₄. Repeated experiments found that the cyclic stability of the g-C₃N₄/TCNQ composite was good. The XRD images were almost unchanged after five reactions. The radical capture experiments revealed that ·O²⁻ was the main active species in the g-C₃N₄/TCNQ catalytic system, and h⁺ also played a role in PEF degradation. And the possible mechanism for PEF degradation was speculated.

Against the background of the vigorous development of materials science and the deep cross-infiltration in many fields, a new medicine food homology, carbon dots (herein combined and abbreviated as MFH-CDs), has sprung up, showing great potential. This review used ChatGPT 4.0 to collect background information related to carbon dots, focusing on the common rich medicinal and food resources such as Lycium barbarum, Chinese yam, honeysuckle, and Ganoderma lucidum. These carbon dots are synthesized by hydrothermal synthesis, microwave radiation, and pyrolysis, which have the advantages of small particle size, high quantum yield, and low cytotoxicity. Recent studies have found that MFH-CDs have great application potential in biosensors, biological imaging, and drug delivery. In this paper, the characteristics of preparing carbon dots from different medicinal and edible resources and their applications in biology in recent years are reviewed, which provides in-depth guidance for the research and application of carbon dots from medicinal and edible biomass, helps it shine in multidisciplinary fields, and opens a brand-new journey from traditional medicinal and edible culture to cutting-edge technology application.

With the rapid development of advanced machining technologies such as high-speed cutting, dry cutting, and ultra-precision cutting, as well as the widespread application of various difficult-to-machine materials, the surface degradation problems such as wear, oxidation, and delamination faced by tools in the service process have become increasingly prominent, seriously restricting the performance and service life of tools. Nanocoatings, with their distinct nano-effects, provide superior hardness, thermal stability, and tribological properties, making them an effective solution for cutting tools in increasingly demanding working environments. For example, the hardness of the CrAlN/TiSiN nano-multilayer coating can reach 41.59 GPa, which is much higher than that of a single CrAlN coating (34.5–35.8 GPa). This paper summarizes the most common nanocoating material design, coating deposition technologies, performance evaluation indicators, and characterization methods currently used in cutting tools. It also discusses how to improve nanocoating performance using modulation analysis of element content, coating composition, geometric structure, and coating thickness. Finally, this paper considers the future development of nanocoatings for cutting tools in light of recent research hotspots.

Reperfusion after acute ischemic stroke (AIS) triggers a series of ferroptosis-related molecular events, including iron dyshomeostasis, oxidative/nitrative stress, antioxidant depletion, and membrane lipid peroxidation. Conventional ferroptosis assays mainly rely on ex vivo or endpoint measurements, limiting their ability to dynamically monitor the spatiotemporal evolution of these events during ischemia–reperfusion. Recent advances in chemical sensing and optical imaging have enabled in situ detection of key ferroptosis-related nodes, such as Fe²⁺/labile iron pool, ROS/ONOO⁻, GSH/Cys/GPX4, H₂S/Cys–Met metabolism, and lipid peroxidation. In this review, we summarize sensing targets, reaction-based probe design, near-infrared and two-photon imaging, photoacoustic imaging, and multimodal validation strategies for AIS-related ferroptosis. Representative probes for H₂O₂, ONOO⁻, H₂S, Fe²⁺, and lipid peroxidation are discussed in the context of cellular models, oxygen-glucose deprivation/reoxygenation, middle cerebral artery occlusion/reperfusion, and in vivo brain imaging. We emphasize that a single probe signal cannot independently confirm ferroptosis and should be interpreted together with GPX4/ACSL4 alterations, MDA/4-HNE levels, tissue injury, neurological outcomes, and Fer-1/Lip-1 rescue experiments. Finally, we discuss current challenges, including limited tissue penetration, blood–brain barrier delivery, quantitative stability, probe safety, and clinical translation, and highlight future directions involving ratiometric, NIR/NIR-II, two-photon, multitarget, and imaging-guided validation strategies.