Hikikomori is a form of social withdrawal lasting more than 6 months with significant associated functional impairment. To date, numerous studies confirm the presence of this condition not only in Japan, where it was first described, but also globally abroad. This is an underestimated clinical condition, and it is emerging especially in adolescents and young adults, representing an increasing management problem for families and society. Prevalence ranges from 1.1% to 6.7%. Hikikomori can be associated with other neurodevelopmental disorders, such as Autism Spectrum Disorder (ASD). Indeed, ASD and hikikomori share numerous characteristics confirmed by functional neuroimaging studies that have highlighted in both conditions the presence of alterations in cerebral regions related to social functioning. We present a case report regarding the history of a 14-year-old girl with characteristics compatible with ASD and hikikomori. At present, there are no specific treatments approved for hikikomori in ASD patients. Further studies are necessary to understand the link between the two conditions, the boundary, and possible overlap.

Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD) may be associated with alterations in eye movements, which in turn may reflect dysfunctions in executive functions and sensorimotor integration processes. This review analyzed the pattern of oculomotor findings of pediatric populations diagnosed with ADHD with or without methylphenidate (MPH) treatment, with the aim of systematically describing the oculomotor abnormalities observed in affected children. A total of 24 studies were analyzed. The results showed that children with ADHD exhibit increased latency, a higher number of directional errors in prosaccade and antisaccade tasks, as well as intrusions during fixation and a higher frequency of microsaccades and involuntary blinks. Furthermore, studies involving the administration of MPH showed an improvement in oculomotor control, with a reduction in errors and a modulation of latency and oculomotor inhibition. These findings confirmed the potential role of oculomotor parameters as objective and non-invasive biomarkers for exploring the neurofunctional correlates of ADHD and for evaluating the effects of pharmacological treatment.