The use of an electric vehicle (EV) in place of an internal combustion engine reduces pollution and produces zero emissions. EVs need considerable electrical energy from the grid, and therefore it is necessary to evaluate the performance of the radial distribution system, including the Electrical Vehicle Charging Station (EVCS) load. The future EVCS load is forecasted using Holt's model, and then it is applied uniformly to the distribution system. This increases the magnitudes of currents, which are calculated using the backward and forward sweep method of load flow analysis. The increased magnitude of current moderates the operating temperature of the components and results in an increase in the average failure rate of feeder line sections. The percentage change in the average failure rate is assumed to be directly proportional to the percentage change in current, which in turn affects reliability indices such as SAIDI and ENS. The reliability analysis needs proper modelling of loads on the system and is taken as light and heavy load, considered this as two load model. The existing load without EVs of the distribution system is taken as a light load and the future load including the EV load during the charging period (5hrs) on the distribution system is taken as a heavy load. In this paper, the reliability indices of a radial distribution feeder are calculated for different cases like without EV load, with EV load and for different percentages of faults during EV load duration and the results are compared. This work is validated on IEEE33 standard distribution system.

Performance Investigation of PV Battery Integrated Parallel operated Inverter in Standalone Mode

The proposed control scheme is based on the least mean square (LMS) algorithm. The LMS algorithm is employed to estimate the necessary reference tracking current for the active power filter (APF). The proposed control scheme aims to enhance the dynamic response of the APF and minimize steady-state error. The weights of the LMS technique are calculated based on the estimated current of the APF. This algorithm is employed to minimize the error difference between the desired system output and its actual output, known as the mean square error (MSE). The estimated weights are utilized to modify the reference current weights, enabling them to follow the intended current of the APF. The online adaption of the LMS method involves the real-time adjustment of the weights. The performance of the LMS-based APF control is evaluated through a simulation study in MATLAB/Simulink, where it is compared with the conventional control method.

In the future, the expansion of electrical vehicles is becoming more prevalent, which requires electric vehicle charging stations (EVCS), and at the same time, distribution automation and smart grid technology will be implemented as part of the reforms in the distribution system. This paper reviews the effect of the increased EVCS, which causes an increase in the magnitude of current and moderates the average failure rate of feeder sections. The implementation of distribution automation and a smart grid reduces the average restoration time, thereby increasing the reliability of the distribution system. The number of electrical vehicles (EVs) for the years 2025 and 2030 is forecasted using Holt's model, and the corresponding average failure rate of feeder sections is calculated. The average switching time for adopting distribution automation and smart grid technology is taken as 5 seconds and 20 milliseconds, respectively. The voltages, power losses, and reliability indices are calculated assuming the EV charging points are located with equal capacity at all load buses for different configurations of radial feeders. The results are compared with the reliability indices of the feeder of all the configurations in the absence of EV charging station loads, automation, and smart grid technology. This work is validated on a standard IEEE 33 test bus system.

The components in the overhead electrical network are continuously exposed to the physical environment of varying weather conditions. If the weather around an electrical network is normal and consistent throughout a certain period of time, then the weather can be modelled as normal or single weather (SW). However, in practice, the overhead electrical network is always subjected to varying weather conditions such as normal weather and adverse weather then the weather is modelled as two weather (TW) model. Adverse weather (AW) can cause significant physical damage to the components, resulting in higher average failure rates and longer durations for power restoration. Without considering the weather conditions, the reliability assessment of the overhead electric power distribution system can be over-optimistic, and influence the planning and design decisions. The investigation of system reliability under two weather conditions provides the effect of percentage failures that occurs in severe weather conditions on average interruption duration per customer per year and the amount of energy not supplied per customer per year. This paper evaluates the reliability of a radial distribution system (RDS) considering single weather and two weather conditions. Further, the effect of the fault passage indicator placement on RDS under SW and TW is also evaluated. A fault passage indicator (FPI) is a device that indicates and communicates the fault's location to the operator hence reducing the fault identification time and improving the system reliability by reducing the outage duration time.

Together with quality power supply criteria, Composite Power System (CPS) reliability is also one of the important aspects of deciding the security of the CPS for a given load demand. In the current paper, the reliability of CPS is evaluated. The Newton Raphson (NR) approach is implemented in Power System Simulation for Engineering (PSSE) software to take into account, the load flows, then the power available to the load points, to evaluate the reliability of CPS. Newton Raphson NR Method was implemented by considering different contingencies of the CPS. Power available to the load points obtained by the NR method is critical in identifying the successful operating state of the CPS. Expected Load Curtailment (ELC), Number of Load Curtailment (NLC), Expected Energy Not Supplied (EENS), and Severity Index (SI) are the crucial dependability indices that are assessed. The main objective of the Reliability evaluation of the CPS is to investigate the scope for the improvement of reliability and explore the possible schemes to improve CPS reliability. The Unified Power Flow Controller (UPFC) one of the Flexible AC Transmission Systems is incorporated into the CPS to analyze the improvement in the reliability of the system. Further, the effect of UPFC on the power-carrying capacity of the lines under contingency conditions, resulting in the failure mode of CPS operation is examined. Improvement in the reliability indices of the system is observed due to UPFC incorporation.