An updated inventory of Brazilian seed plants is presented and offers important insights into the country's biodiversity. This work started in 2010, with the publication of the Plants and Fungi Catalogue, and has been updated since by more than 430 specialists working online. Brazil is home to 32,086 native Angiosperms and 23 native Gymnosperms, showing an increase of 3% in its species richness in relation to 2010. The Amazon Rainforest is the richest Brazilian biome for Gymnosperms, while the Atlantic Rainforest is the richest one for Angiosperms. There was a considerable increment in the number of species and endemism rates for biomes, except for the Amazon that showed a decrease of 2.5% of recorded endemics. However, well over half of Brazillian seed plant species (57.4%) is endemic to this territory. The proportion of life-forms varies among different biomes: trees are more expressive in the Amazon and Atlantic Rainforest biomes while herbs predominate in the Pampa, and lianas are more expressive in the Amazon, Atlantic Rainforest, and Pantanal. This compilation serves not only to quantify Brazilian biodiversity, but also to highlight areas where there information is lacking and to provide a framework for the challenge faced in conserving Brazil's unique and diverse flora.

Caesalpinioideae is the second largest subfamily of legumes (Leguminosae) with ca. 4680 species and 163 genera. It is an ecologically and economically important group formed of mostly woody perennials that range from large canopy emergent trees to functionally herbaceous geoxyles, lianas and shrubs, and which has a global distribution, occurring on every continent except Antarctica. Following the recent re-circumscription of 15 Caesalpinioideae genera as presented in Advances in Legume Systematics 14, Part 1, and using as a basis a phylogenomic analysis of 997 nuclear gene sequences for 420 species and all but five of the genera currently recognised in the subfamily, we present a new higher-level classification for the subfamily. The new classification of Caesalpinioideae comprises eleven tribes, all of which are either new, reinstated or re-circumscribed at this rank: Caesalpinieae Rchb. (27 genera / ca. 223 species), Campsiandreae LPWG (2 / 5–22), Cassieae Bronn (7 / 695), Ceratonieae Rchb. (4 / 6), Dimorphandreae Benth. (4 / 35), Erythrophleeae LPWG (2 /13), Gleditsieae Nakai (3 / 20), Mimoseae Bronn (100 / ca. 3510), Pterogyneae LPWG (1 / 1), Schizolobieae Nakai (8 / 42–43), Sclerolobieae Benth. & Hook. f. (5 / ca. 113). Although many of these lineages have been recognised and named in the past, either as tribes or informal generic groups, their circumscriptions have varied widely and changed over the past decades, such that all the tribes described here differ in generic membership from those previously recognised. Importantly, the approximately 3500 species and 100 genera of the former subfamily Mimosoideae are now placed in the reinstated, but newly circumscribed, tribe Mimoseae. Because of the large size and ecological importance of the tribe, we also provide a clade-based classification system for Mimoseae that includes 17 named lower-level clades. Fourteen of the 100 Mimoseae genera remain unplaced in these lower-level clades: eight are resolved in two grades and six are phylogenetically isolated monogeneric lineages. In addition to the new classification, we provide a key to genera, morphological descriptions and notes for all 163 genera, all tribes, and all named clades. The diversity of growth forms, foliage, flowers and fruits are illustrated for all genera, and for each genus we also provide a distribution map, based on quality-controlled herbarium specimen localities. A glossary for specialised terms used in legume morphology is provided. This new phylogenetically based classification of Caesalpinioideae provides a solid system for communication and a framework for downstream analyses of biogeography, trait evolution and diversification, as well as for taxonomic revision of still understudied genera.

Com o objetivo de selecionar espécies para programas de recuperação em Áreas de Preservação Permanente no Planalto Catarinense foi realizado o levantamento da composição florística e da estrutura fitossociológica e, a caracterização dos grupos ecológicos e síndromes de dispersão das espécies ocorrentes nestes locais. A área de estudo, fazenda Campo de Dentro, localiza-se no município de Otacílio Costa (SC), onde foi empregado o método de quadrantes, em 20 transecções compostas por 20 pontos amostrais. As espécies que apresentaram os maiores valores de importância, potenciais para recuperação, foram Sebastiania commersoniana (Baill.) L.B.Sm. & Downs; Mimosa scabrella Benth.; Cinnamomum amoenum (Nees & Mart.) Kosterm.; Lithraea brasiliensis Marchand, Ocotea pulchella (Nees & Mart.) Mez; Ilex paraguariensis A.St.-Hil.; Matayba elaeagnoides Radlk.; Ilex theezans Mart. exReissek e Vernonanthura discolor (Spreng.) H.Rob., que representam os diferentes grupos ecológicos, destacando-se a zoocoria como síndrome de dispersão. A alta diversidade de espécies arbóreas evidencia a riqueza desses locais que, muitas vezes, são negligenciados em projetos de recuperação

Http://dx.doi.org/10.5902/1980509812338O presente trabalho objetivou avaliar a influência de variáveis bioclimáticas e de rotas migratórias de espécies arbóreas sobre o padrão fitogeográfico de diferentes fitofisionomias florestais da Região Sul do Brasil. Foram extraídas da literatura listas florísticas de espécies arbóreas inventariadas em Floresta Ombrófila Mista (FOM), Floresta Ombrófila Densa (FOD), Floresta Estacional Decidual (FED) e Floresta Estacional Semidecidual (FESD). Para cada área foram obtidas as coordenadas geográficas, a altitude média e as variáveis bioclimáticas associadas à temperatura e à precipitação pluviométrica. A matriz vegetacional passou por uma análise de correspondência retificada (DCA) e, posteriormente, a matriz ambiental foi ajustada à ordenação, sendo as variáveis ambientais (p ≤ 0,001) inseridas na forma de vetores. A análise da relação florística entre as áreas em função da heterogeneidade bioclimática existente foi realizada por meio de uma Árvore de Regressão Multivariada (ARM). Os autovalores para os eixos 1 e 2 da DCA foram de 0,49 e 0,25, respectivamente, indicando elevada substituição de espécies ao longo do eixo 1, fortemente associada à temperatura média do trimestre mais úmido, à temperatura mínima no mês mais frio, à altitude e à temperatura média anual. Conclui-se que (i) existe maior similaridade florística entre FOM e Florestas Estacionais e (ii) o componente arbóreo das florestas do Sul do Brasil apresenta variações florísticas e fisionômicas associadas à heterogeneidade bioclimática existente e às rotas migratórias.