Background: Primary lung tumors in pediatric patients are rare, predominantly malignant, and present diagnostic challenges due to symptom overlap with more common conditions such as inflammatory processes or asthma. Evidence-based approaches for managing these rare neoplasms in childhood are scarce. This retrospective study reports the experience of a pediatric referral center in diagnosing and treating these tumors. Methods: Pediatric primary lung tumors treated at Giannina Gaslini Children’s Hospital between January 2016 and January 2024 were included. Data on clinical presentation, histopathology, imaging, treatment approaches, and outcomes were systematically collected and analyzed. Results: Nine patients (six males and three females) were identified, with a mean age (±SD) at diagnosis of 8.81 ± 5 years. The most common clinical manifestation was recurrent pneumonia (four patients), followed by persistent cough and wheezing (three patients). The average duration of symptoms before diagnosis was 12.8 months ± 12.2 months. Histopathological diagnoses were typical carcinoid tumors (n = 2), atypical carcinoid tumors (n = 2), inflammatory myofibroblastic tumors (n = 2), congenital peribronchial myofibroblastic tumor (n = 1), myoepithelial carcinoma (n = 1), and pleuropulmonary blastoma (n = 1). Radical surgery resulted in complete response for seven patients, with a median follow-up of 52 months (IQR 39 months). The myoepithelial carcinoma was treated with multimodal therapy, relapsed after 17 months, and adjuvant chemotherapy is currently ongoing. Neoadjuvant chemotherapy for the pleuropulmonary blastoma is currently ongoing. Conclusions: Primary lung tumors in children, though rare, may have favorable outcomes when appropriately managed. Nonspecific clinical presentations often contribute to diagnostic delays. This study highlights the critical need of thorough evaluation in cases of persistent, therapy-resistant aspecific respiratory symptoms. Early diagnosis, coupled with complete surgical resection, significantly improves prognosis.

Vesicoureteral reflux (VUR) management in children with neurogenic bladder dysfunction (NBD) remains a clinical challenge. Total endoscopic management (TEM), combining intradetrusor Onabotulinum Toxin-A (BTX-A) and subureteric dextranomer/hyaluronic acid (Deflux^(R)) injection, offers a minimally invasive alternative. The aim of this retrospective study is to evaluate the long-term effectiveness of TEM. Inclusion criteria: symptomatic II–V grade VUR (also I in bilateral VUR) in NBD children with follow-up ≥12 months. Nineteen patients were enrolled, 24 ureters (grade I–II: 2, grade III–V: 22); 5 patients (20.8%) had bilateral VUR. Mean age at surgery: 7.6 years (1.3–17). No complications were reported. TEM was effective in 11 patients (57.9%), 3/11 requiring a second TEM treatment. VUR resolution appeared in 14 ureters (58.3%), downgrading in 6 (42.9%), persistence in 4 (28.6%). Among non-responders’ patients (8/19, 42.1%), five (26.3%) required bladder augmentation (one combined with ureteral reimplantation), one (5.3%) underwent reimplantation, and two (10.5%) continued conservative management. At bladder biopsy, 11 patients (57.9%) had chronic inflammation, 8 (42.1%) showed fibrosis; no difference in success rate was recorded. All responders required repeated BTX-A injections. Mean follow-up: 3.2 years (range 1–4.7). In selected patients, TEM appears to be a safe and effective strategy, potentially delaying or avoiding major reconstructive surgery.