The Coronaviridae family represents a broad group of RNA-containing viruses that infect humans and animals. This family belongs to the order Nidovirales and is divided into four main genera: α-CoV, β-CoV, γ-CoV and δ-CoV. It is particularly noteworthy that representatives of β-CoV have caused serious epidemics in humans, such as the outbreaks of SARS-CoV, MERS-CoV, and COVID-19 caused by SARS-CoV-2. Although the clinical manifestations of CoVs can range from mild cold-like symptoms to severe respiratory diseases, they share common features in their structure, modes of transmission, and natural reservoirs. Identifying natural reservoirs, as well as establishing intermediate hosts, is crucial for understanding the mechanisms of interspecies transmission of CoVs. These processes are often mediated by molecular interactions between viral spike (S) proteins and cellular receptors of different species, which contribute to zoonotic outbreaks. Thus, the interaction of various species and the study of these processes of viral spread, cross-species transmission, and pathogen evolution play a key role in ensuring global biological safety. Therefore, we conducted this review to summarize the data from existing studies focused on the taxonomy of CoVs, their main types, natural reservoirs, intermediate hosts, pathways of interspecies transmission, and the significance of the One Health concept as an interdisciplinary approach to monitoring, prevention and control of CoV infections at the intersection of human, animal, and environmental health. We examined databases such as PubMed, Science Direct, Web of Science, and Google Scholar to identify relevant scientific articles in English available for such a review. The aim of this work is to study the taxonomy and classification of coronaviruses, as well as to identify their natural reservoirs, intermediate hosts, and applicable control measures. A review of human and animal coronaviruses has revealed their evolutionary diversity, their main natural reservoirs, their intermediate hosts, and their interactions with cellular receptors. This information allows for a better understanding of the mechanisms by which the viruses are transmitted from animals to humans. The concept of One Health demonstrated the interconnections between human, animal and environmental factors.

Background/Objectives: Despite the availability of Newcastle disease (ND) vaccines, outbreaks have continued to occur for more than six decades, with significant economic consequences for the global poultry industry. The variability of the Newcastle disease virus requires constant monitoring, detection of new cases, and studies of the origin of the pathogen. The aim of this study was to develop an inactivated ND vaccine using a topical strain with different adjuvants and to compare them for stability, harmlessness, immunogenicity, and efficacy. Methods: A phylogenetic study of the F-gene of the ND strain isolated in Kazakhstan was conducted. The strain, which was selected to create a vaccine for the prevention of the disease, was revealed to belong to genotype VII class II and uploaded to GenBank (NCBI). Two different adjuvants, Montanide ISA 70 VG and Montanide ISA 78 VG, were used to create the vaccine. Birds were vaccinated intramuscularly. Results: Evaluations of antibody titers in the vaccinated groups during the experiment showed that the vaccines induced adequate levels of antibodies to provide protection against the virulent virus. High antibody titers were observed in the hemagglutination inhibition assay (HAI) in the vaccinated groups as early as 14 days post-vaccination in 100% of birds. The average antibody titer in both vaccinated groups exceeded 7 log2, sufficient to prevent clinical signs. None of the vaccinated birds exhibited clinical signs following control infection, whereas unvaccinated birds developed clinical manifestations within three days post-infection, leading to 100% mortality. Conclusions: The vaccine developed using the epizootic topical strain is stable, harmless, immunogenic, and effective when challenged with a virulent ND virus strain at a dose of 105 EID_50/mL.

Background/Objectives: Salmonella enterica is a major cause of foodborne infection globally, with poultry acting as an important reservoir. However, data from Central Asia remain limited. This study provides preliminary phenotypic and genomic characterization of S. enterica isolates recovered from poultry farms in southern Kazakhstan, focusing on antimicrobial resistance (AMR), serotypes/sequence types and phylogenetic relationships. Methods: In October 2024, 335 poultry and environmental samples were collected from three regions of southern Kazakhstan using a cross-sectional, detection-focused sampling strategy. Isolation of Salmonella enterica followed enrichment and selective culturing, with confirmation by biochemical assays, slide agglutination serology and real-time PCR. Antimicrobial susceptibility testing was performed using the Kirby-Bauer disk diffusion method and interpreted according to CLSI veterinary breakpoints (VET01/VET08) and CLSI M100 where veterinary criteria were unavailable. Whole-genome sequencing (Illumina) was used for in silico serotyping, MLST, AMR gene detection, plasmid replicon typing and SNP-based phylogenetic reconstruction. Results: Nine S. enterica isolates were confirmed (overall yield 2.7%; 9/335), comprising S. Enteritidis (ST11; n = 4), S. Infantis (ST32; n = 3) and ST68 (n = 2; Choleraesuis/Paratyphi C lineage). All isolates were resistant to ciprofloxacin, and most displayed resistance to ampicillin, gentamicin and trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole. Plasmid-associated AMR determinants, including blaTEM-116, tet(A), sul1 and dfrA14, were frequently identified on IncF-type replicons. Phylogenetic analysis revealed that the isolates clustered with previously described Eurasian poultry-associated lineages. Conclusions: In this small, exploratory sample from poultry farms in southern Kazakhstan, all recovered S. enterica isolates were multidrug-resistant, with universal fluoroquinolone resistance and frequent plasmid-borne AMR genes. These preliminary findings provide baseline genomic evidence and highlight the need for broader, harmonized AMR surveillance in the regional poultry sector.

Hyalomma ticks are known for their ability to transmit a wide range of pathogens, posing a significant threat to both human and animal health. The viral communities associated with Hyalomma asiaticum ticks in Kazakhstan remain largely unexplored. Using high-throughput sequencing on the Ion Torrent platform, nine RNA viruses belonging to seven families were identified. These viruses were associated with H. asiaticum ticks collected in 2024 in southern Kazakhstan. The detected viruses—including Bole tick virus 1 (Phenuiviridae), Bole tick virus 3 (Chuviridae), Bole tick virus 4 (Flaviviridae), Hubei toti-like virus 24 (Totiviridae), Kashgar totiv tick virus 1 (Totiviridae), Lonestar tick totivirus (Totiviridae), Qingyuan parti tick virus 1 (Partitiviridae), and Taishun tick virus (Rhabdoviridae)—had previously been reported only in China. This study provides the first documented evidence of the presence of RNA viruses previously unreported in Kazakhstan within H. asiaticum tick populations. A newly isolated Kazakhstan strain of Wad Medani virus (Sedoreoviridae), identified from H. asiaticum, shares genetic similarities with Russian strains, suggesting a common epidemiological landscape across Central Eurasia. The detection of novel RNA viruses in Kazakhstan highlights the need for ongoing surveillance, as their impact on human and animal health remains insufficiently understood.

Despite the availability of Newcastle disease (ND)vaccines, outbreaks have continued to occur for more than six decades, with huge economic consequences for the global poultry industry. The variability of the Newcastle disease virus requires constant monitoring, detection of new cases and study of the origin of the pathogen. The aim of the study was to develop an inactivated ND vaccine using a topical strain with different adjuvants and to compare them for stability, harmlessness, immunogenicity and efficacy. As a result of the phylogenetic study of the F-gene of the ND strain isolated in Kazakhstan, selected to create a vaccine for the prevention of this disease, it was revealed that this pathogen belongs to the genotype VII class II and was uploaded to GenBank (NCBI). Two different adjuvants were used to create the vaccine – Montanide ISA 70 VG and Montanide ISA 78 VG. The birds were vaccinated intramuscularly. Evaluation of antibody titers in the vaccinated groups during the experiment shows that the vaccines were able to induce adequate levels of antibodies to provide protection against the virulent virus. Vaccination provided high antibody titers in the HAI in the vaccinated groups as early as 14 days after vaccination in 100% of birds. When studying the effectiveness of vaccines, the average antibody titer in both vaccinated groups was above 7 log2, which is more than enough to protect birds from clinical signs. None of the vaccinated birds showed clinical signs after control infection. In groups of unvaccinated birds, clinical manifestations were observed as early as 3 days after infection with increasing severity, and eventually they all died (100% mortality). The vaccine from the epizootic topical strain developed by us is stable, harmless, immunogenic and effective when infected with a virulent strain of the ND virus at a dose of 100,000 EID50/cm³.

This study continues earlier work aimed at identifying potential natural reservoirs of camelpox virus (CMLV) during interepizootic periods. In 2023–2024, field expeditions in western Kazakhstan led to the collection and analysis of biological samples from camels, rodents and hematophagous insects. Despite the absence of clinical symptoms, PCR-positive results were obtained from camel blood samples. These samples underwent molecular genetic analysis, including viral DNA detection and whole-genome sequencing. Using next-generation sequencing, the complete genome of the Camelpox virus/Beineu/2023 isolate (202.273 bp) was obtained and deposited in the NCBI database (accession number PV920573.1). The isolate showed >98% genetic similarity to the previously described Kazakhstan strain M-96, indicating long-term local circulation of a genetically stable variant. Phylogenetic analysis confirmed the isolate’s evolutionary conservatism and close relationship with other CMLV strains. The findings suggest that camels serve as a natural reservoir, enabling viral persistence and potential reactivation under stress-related conditions. The observed geographic clustering underscores the need for region-specific molecular surveillance to ensure timely detection of new variants and prevent cross-border spread.