Pressmud, a by-product of sugarcane processing, is typically disposed of through incineration or landfilling, though it has considerable potential in organic agriculture. This study explored the composting of pressmud through bioaugmentation using specific bacterial strains. Two experimental setups were created: E2 with a cellulolytic and phosphorus-solubilizing strain, Bacillus amyloliquefaciens-ASK11, and E3 with a nitrogen-fixing strain, Bacillus megaterium-ASNF3. A control setup (E1) was also maintained without bacterial augmentation. Results indicated that the Bacillus-enhanced composts in E2 and E3 showed significant increases of 129% and 83% in nitrogen and of 49% and 91% in phosphorus contents, respectively, after 60 days. Additionally, organic matter decomposition improved by 49–50% in the bioaugmented setups after 60 days. FTIR analysis revealed organic phosphate peaks and P-O-C stretching bands at 1025 cm⁻¹ in the E2 compost, while a nitrogen vibration band at 3849 cm⁻¹ in E3 indicated significantly higher nitrogen content compared to the control. The Bacillus-enriched pressmud compost not only accelerated the composting process but also enhanced nutrient levels, positioning it as a promising biofertilizer for rehabilitating barren lands.

The constant use of disease modifying anti rheumatic drugs affects the functioning of multiple organs inside the body. Some drugs are more toxic than others. The present case control investigation was designed to evaluate the comparative toxicity of methotrexate and leflunomide on multiple organs in rheumatoid arthritis patients. For this purpose, 100 subjects with confirmed rheumatoid arthritis condition were recruited form tertiary care center. Whereas 50 age matched controls were recruited from the local healthy population. Participants of the study were categorized into three groups with equal numbers of subjects in each group (n = 50). Group 1 comprised rheumatoid arthritis patients on methotrexate treatment, group 2 included rheumatoid arthritis patients on leflunomide treatment and group 3 were healthy subjects. Cardiac and respiratory response was evaluated by monitoring blood pressure, pulse and breathing rate and spot oxygen saturation. Stress on liver was estimated by measuring change in liver enzymes (alanine transaminase, aspartate aminotransferase, and alkaline phosphatase) and total bilirubin. While, degree of renal impairment was assessed by calculating glomerular filtration rate, serum creatinine, urinary urea and uric acid. For statistical interpretation, data was subjected to independent student “t” test and analysis of variance (one way ANOVA) for mean variations. Both methotrexate and leflunomide elevated the systolic and diastolic blood pressure and pulse rate. Leflunomide maintained the oxygen saturation at 96.7%, whereas methotrexate exerted serious effect on spot oxygen saturation by reducing it significantly to 93.25% than healthy subjects. Hepatotoxicity manifested by sustained use of leflunomide was perceptible in this study group. Whereas, both methotrexate and leflunomide influenced renal function as indicated by marked increase in blood urea nitrogen (P = 0.001), serum creatinine (P = 0.007) and reduced glomerular filtration rate (P<0.0001). However, use of methotrexate demonstrated significant (P<0.0001) reduction in serum uric acid and urinary urea levels. Methotrexate is more injurious to heart, blood vessels and kidneys than leflunomide but it is less noxious to hepatic parenchyma. Contrarily, leflunomide usage is comparatively better option for respiratory, cardiovascular, and renal health but dangerous to liver. Thus, a single drug can’t be prescribed for the treatment of rheumatoid arthritis for longer management of arthritis patients.

Perturbations in the actions of T₃ and T₄ influence the normal metabolic pathways. Responsiveness of lipid biomarkers like LDL‐C, HDL‐C, TC, TG, Apo‐A, and Apo‐B after rehabilitation of thyroid profile attaining euthyroid state was determined. A total of 179 age‐matched subjects of both genders were recruited for this research. Sixty healthy controls, thirty‐four subclinical, fifty overt hyperthyroid, and thirty‐five follow‐up subjects having 3 months of Carbimazole therapy were enrolled. Biochemical analysis was performed by chemistry analyzer, RIA, and ELISA. One‐way ANOVA was applied for the statistical analysis, while significance (P < 0.05) of means was compared by the Student‐Newman‐Keuls (SNK) test. Pronounced reduction (P < 0.001) of cholesterol in overt as compared to control and subclinical was noticed, whereas marked improvement (P < 0.001) was evidenced in follow‐up. Prominent elevation (P < 0.05) of TG in follow‐up was evidenced as compared to control. Overt presented marked reduction of HDL‐C as compared to subclinical and control (P < 0.01 and P < 0.001), respectively. Pronounced elevation (P < 0.001) of HDL‐C was evidenced after treatment. Overt presented reduction of LDL‐C as compared to subclinical and control (P < 0.01 and P < 0.05, respectively). The follow‐up group demonstrated considerable (P < 0.001) improvement of LDL‐C after treatment and elevation (P < 0.05) as compared to control. Overt presented reduction of Apo‐B as compared to subclinical and control (P < 0.05 and P < 0.001, respectively). Improvement (P < 0.05) of Apo‐B was evidenced in follow‐up. Reduction (P < 0.05) of Apo‐A in overt as compared to control and elevation (P < 0.05) in follow‐up as compared to overt was evidenced. Conclusively, improvement after treatment was evidenced in lipid profile.

Pressmud, a by-product of sugarcane processing, is typically disposed of through incineration or landfilling, though it has considerable potential in organic agriculture. This study explored the com-posting of pressmud through bioaugmentation using specific bacterial strains. Two experimental setups were created: E2 with a cellulolytic and phosphorus-solubilizing strain, Bacillus amyloliquefa-ciens-ASK11, and E3 with a nitrogen-fixing strain, Bacillus megaterium-ASNF3. A control setup (E5) was also maintained without bacterial augmentation. Nitrogen (N) and phosphorus (P) contents were measured using the Kjeldahl and Olsen methods, respectively, while Fourier-Transform Infra-red (FTIR) spectroscopy confirmed compost maturity. Results indicated that the Bacillus-enhanced composts in E2 and E3 significantly increased the nitrogen(49.27% and 91.23%) and phosphorus contents(129% and 83.85%), respectively, compared to the control with only 13.62% N and 65% P contents after 60 days of the pressmud compost maturity.. Additionally, organic matter decomposi-tion improved by 49-50% in the bioaugmented setups after 60 days. FTIR analysis revealed organic phosphate peaks and P-O-C stretching bands at 1025 cm-1 in the E2 compost, while a nitrogen vi-bration band at 3849 cm-1 in E3 indicated significantly higher nitrogen content compared to the control. The Bacillus-enriched pressmud compost not only accelerated the composting process but also enhanced nutrient levels, positioning it as a promising biofertilizer for rehabilitating barren lands.

Excessive body weight may disrupt hepatic enzymes that may be aggravated by obesity-related comorbidities. The current case-control study was designed to evaluate the extent of liver enzyme alteration in obesity-related metabolic disorders. Obese females with BMI ≥ 30 suffering from metabolic disorders were grouped according to existing co-morbidity and their hepatic enzymes were compared with non-obese healthy females. The resultant data was subjected to analysis of variance and mean difference in liver enzymes were calculated at P = 0.05. Analysis of variance indicated that obese diabetic and obese hypertensive females had almost 96% and 67% increase in the concentration of gamma-glutamyl transferase than control, respectively (P<0.0001). The obese females suffering from diabetes and hypertension exhibited nearly 54% enhancement in alanine transaminase level (P<0.0001) and a 17% increase in aspartate aminotransferase concentration (P = 0.0028). Obesity along with infertility decline liver enzyme production and a 31% significant decline in aspartate aminotransferase was observed while other enzyme concentrations were not significantly altered. Regression analysis was performed on the resultant data to understand the association between liver enzyme alteration and the development of metabolic diseases. Regression analysis indicated that obese diabetic and obese diabetic hypertensive women had 20% production of normal liver enzymes and 80% enzymes produced abnormally. Obese hypertensive and obese infertile females had only 5% and 6% normal production of liver enzymes, respectively. This research leads to the conclusion that the ability of the liver to function normally is reduced in obesity-related diabetes and hypertension. This may be due to inflamed and injured liver and poses a serious threat to developing fatty liver disease and ultimately liver cirrhosis.

Indolent and aggressive hematopoietic cancer shed lot of Beta 2 microglobulin in interstitial fluid thus increasing the level of B2M in hematological malignancies. Objectives: To set forward B2M as potential biomarker for the detection and stage of malignant lymphoma. Methods: Serum of newly diagnosed Hodgkin’s and non-Hodgkin’s lymphoma patients presented to physician prior to any surgical or medicinal treatment were collected and evaluated through sandwich type of ELISA for the possible elevation of B2M. B2M concentrations in healthy individual’s serum (control group) were also detected. Mean values of B2M in all three groups were compared by applying one-way analysis of variance to determine the significant difference. Results: The serum of Hodgkin’s Lymphoma patients depicted 5 folds higher B2M concentration than the healthy subjects, while NHL showed more concentration of circulating B2M where it was 6-fold higher than healthy subjects. Moreover, the advanced stage of the disease with involvement of distant site or organ portrayed increase shedding of MICA 1 chain in circulating blood than localized or regional disease. Conclusions: Elevated serum B2M concentrations in blood surely a sign of neoplastic disease involving nucleated cell like lymphoma and its enhanced expression in distantly spreading disease proved it as a prognostic marker as well