Background and Objective: Nowadays, the separation of adenocarcinomas (ADCs) and squamous cell carcinomas (SCCs) is crucial given that there are new specific targeted therapies. So, the aim of this study was to examine the differences in cytomorphological features between ADC and SCC in bronchoscopic brush samples. Material and Methods: The retrospective study was conducted over a 3-year period at Western Balkan University Hospital. All brushing samples were analysed. According to the histopathological report, patients were classified into ADC and SCC groups. The cytomorphological features analysed in 95 samples were presence of necrosis, cell distribution, nuclear atypia, size of nuclei, and visibility of nucleoli. Statistical analysis was performed in JASP, and P values 400 µm were found in 43.59% in the SCC group, while in the ADC group, it was found in 5.36%. There were no differences in nuclear atypia between groups. Nuclei that were >5x lymphocyte size were found more often in samples from ADC than in the SCC group (37.50 vs 10.25%). In 89.75% of samples from the SCC group, nuclei were ≤5x lymphocyte sizes, while in the ADC group, the percentage was 63.5%. Nucleoli were more often visible in samples from the ADC group compared to the SCC group (92.86% vs 64.10%, P < 0,05). Conclusions: Small clusters, large nuclei, and visible nucleoli were more frequent in the ADC group ( P < 0.05), while large clusters, small nuclei, and invisible nucleoli were more frequent in the SCC group ( P < 0.05).

A brief overview of imprint cytology in thoracic cytopathology

Background and Clinical Significance: Since the prevalence of fungal lung infections is increasing, certain agents, such as Cladosporium spp., have emerged as unexpected causes. Cladosporium spp. fungi are ubiquitous in environments such as soil, fruits, and wine corks; they are a part of the normal human skin flora; and they are known respiratory allergens. Case Presentation: A patient with a history of post-COVID-19 syndrome and AIDS presented with lung pathology indicative of an invasive fungal infection. The initial histopathological examination revealed numerous yeast-like cells with narrow-based budding, which led to a mistaken diagnosis of cryptococcosis. However, further detailed examination revealed sparse hyphae in the lung tissue, suggesting a more complex fungal infection. Molecular analyses and sequence BLAST alignment were performed, ultimately identifying the infectious agent as “Cladosporium species novum”, a rare cause of invasive pulmonary cladosporiasis. Conclusions: Invasive pulmonary cladosporiasis is a rare condition, and the morphological features of the fungus alone were insufficient to establish a correct diagnosis. A comprehensive pathohistological and molecular approach with bioinformatics tools is essential for the correct identification of rare and potentially life-threatening fungal pathogens in immunocompromised patients.

Introduction. Ovarian epithelial tumors constitute 60% of all ovarian tumors and approximately 90% of primary ovarian tumors. Most patients are diagnosed at an advanced stage of the disease. Epithelial ovarian tumors typically spread via transcoelomic dissemination, with about 70% of patients presenting with peritoneal metastases. Additionally, cancers can metastasize to the pelvic lymph nodes. The objective of this study was to identify which clinical characteristics of malignant ovarian cancer might influence the occurrence of peritoneal metastases. Material and Methods. This retrospective study involved histopathological analysis of 99 malignant ovarian tumors treated at the Institute of Oncology of Vojvodina between January 1, 2018 and December 31, 2020. The analysis included patient age, referral and final diagnosis, dimensions of ovaries, fallopian tubes, and tumor tissue, tumor bilaterality, histological type and grade, Tumor-Node-Metastasis classification, International Federation of Gynecology and Obstetrics stages of the tumor, ovarian capsule involvement, fallopian tube involvement, and presence of peritoneal implants. Patients were categorized into two groups: one with peritoneal dissemination of cancer and the other without peritoneal metastasis. Results. A statistically significant difference was observed between the presence of peritoneal dissemination and tumor bilaterality (p?0.05), as well as capsular invasion by the primary tumor (p?0.05). Conclusion. Specific clinical characteristics of ovarian cancer can aid in assessing the extent of primary ovarian tumor involvement and guide the selection of appropriate therapeutic interventions.

Introduction. Traumatic brain injury affects over 50 million people worldwide annually, with mild traumatic brain injury accounting for approximately 80%. The number of elderly patients sustaining such injuries is increasing. This study aimed to compare differences in consciousness impairment and computed tomography findings among mild traumatic brain injury patients of different age groups upon hospital admission. Material and Methods. This retrospective study included 150 patients with mild traumatic brain injury hospitalized at the Neurosurgery Clinic of the Clinical Center of Vojvodina between January 1, 2020 and July 1, 2021. Patients were categorized into three age groups and compared based on the level of consciousness impairment, assessed using the Glasgow Coma Scale, and computed tomography findings evaluated using the Rotterdam score. Results. Statistical analysis revealed that the mean Rotterdam score was 1.6 in patients aged 18-30 years, 1.64 in those aged 31-65 years, and 2.36 in patients over 65 years. The difference between the mean Rotterdam scores between the oldest group and other two groups was highly statistically significant. Conclusion. The findings indicate a significant correlation between age and injury severity, with older patients exhibiting more severe computed tomography findings. However, impairment of consciousness at admission remained comparable across all age groups.