Although the incidence of “diabesity” (coexistence of type 2 diabetes and obesity) is alarmingly increasing in Algeria, the diet–diabesity link has not been well defined. This study aimed to explore the association between dietary diversity score (DDS) and obesity among Algerian type 2 diabetic patients. It was a cross-sectional observational study involving 390 type 2 diabetic patients. Anthropometric data were gathered, and dietary intake information was obtained through a 24-h dietary recall method, which was used to calculate DDS. Potential confounders such as age, sex, smoking, physical activity and energy intake were controlled for using multivariate logistic regression. A total of 160 patients (41.3%) were classified as obese. As expected, obese patients had a higher body mass index, waist circumference, hip circumference, body fat and fat mass index. Furthermore, obese patients more frequently met carbohydrate recommendations and had a higher intake of meat and protein. Female sex, hypertension, low physical activity and high meat and protein intake were positively associated with diabesity. Additionally, higher DDS was positively associated with diabesity after adjusting for confounders. Thus, a more diversified diet may be a risk factor for obesity among Algerian type 2 diabetic patients.

Background/Objectives: An increase in body fat is linked to abnormalities in energy metabolism. We aimed at determining cardiometabolic risk in Algerian participants with obesity alone and with or without type 2 diabetes. The study measured the concentrations of circulating adipocytokines (leptin, adiponectin, resistin), tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α), and interleukin-6 (IL-6) to identify and examine how imbalances in adipocytokines may affect the parameters of cardiometabolic health. Methods: Algerian participants (n = 300) were recruited and divided into three groups: control, obese, and type 2 diabetics (with two sub-groups: with and without obesity). Insulin resistance was evaluated using HOMA-IR, while ELISA was used to measure adipocytokines. Atherogenic index in plasma (AIP), adiponectin-leptin ratio (ALR), and visceral adiposity index (VAI) were also assessed. One-way ANOVA was used to compare obesity and diabetes groups to the control one (p < 0.05). Logistic regression analysis was conducted to strengthen the robustness of statistical correlations. Results: Participants with reduced adiponectin-leptin ratio (ALR) and elevated levels of resistin, TNF-α, and IL-6 are found to be at higher risk of cardiovascular diseases. An imbalance in adipocytokine levels is caused by a decrease in adiponectin concentrations, and an increase in pro-inflammatory adipocytokines that maintain and exacerbate energy imbalance and induces hyperinsulinemia, exposing individuals to a high risk of cardiovascular diseases. Conclusions: Given that ALR is a functional biomarker of inflammation, insulin resistance, and adipose tissue dysfunction, targeting ALR could potentially be a therapeutic approach to coping with obesity-related cardiometabolic risks. Mediterranean diet, weight loss, and increased physical activity can be key components to promote healthy adipose tissue through the increase in ALR.

Gestational diabetes mellitus (GDM) is a frequent complication during pregnancy, with its incidence having risen markedly over recent years. It is a major global public health issue linked to various complications, including a higher probability of Caesarean de-livery and the development of type 2 diabetes in mothers, as well as macrosomia or excessive fetal growth, a heightened risk of type 2 diabetes, obesity, and cardiovascular disease in the offspring's later stage of life. Recent advancements in epigenetics have shed light at the pathophysiology of GDM, offering new methods to identify women at high risk for developing GDM and experiencing postpartum complications. This review has explored the connection between epigenetic changes, such as DNA methylation, non-coding RNAs, and small extracellular vesicles (sEVs), and GDM. Non-coding RNAs and sEVs are gaining attention as potential biomarkers for forecasting the onset of GDM and its lasting health effects on mothers and offspring. Additionally, they could become future therapeutic targets. The potential of epigenetic modifications as biomarkers is underscored by their dynamic and reversible characteristics, making them valuable for early diagnosis, disease mon-itoring, and predicting pregnancy outcomes. Future studies should focus on longitu-dinal, multi-omics, and functional approaches to translate epigenetic findings into pre-cision medicine strategies for the prevention, diagnosis, and treatment of GDM.