Renewable energy sources are becoming increasingly popular due to their advantages over fossil fuels, their economic benefits, and growing environmental concerns. Researchers are particularly focused on understanding the factors that affect the efficiency of various energy sources. This paper explores the relationship between renewable energy consumption and trade openness from 1990 to 2018 among the top 15 countries that consume the most renewable energy. The study also considers economic growth, natural resources, capital, and financial globalization as additional factors influencing renewable energy use. To analyze the data, the paper utilizes advanced panel data techniques, including the dynamic Seemingly Unrelated Regression (DSUR) and Dimutrescu–Hurlin panel bootstrap causality methods. The findings reveal cross-sectional dependence and slope heterogeneity in the model. The results show that trade openness, economic growth, and capital investment promote renewable energy consumption, while financial globalization tends to reduce it. Additionally, the study finds one-way causality from trade openness, economic growth, natural resources, capital, and financial globalization to renewable energy consumption. These insights can inform the development of renewable energy policies in the countries examined.

Bu çalışmada 28 AB ülkesinde Uluslararası Dijital Ekonomi ve Toplum İndeksi ve bu indekse ait alt göstergelerin sürdürülebilir kalkınma indeksi üzerindeki etkisinin 2018 yılı için yatay kesit veri analiz yöntemi kullanılarak araştırılması amaçlanmıştır. Çalışma bu etkinin AB ülkelerinde hangi dijital ekonomi göstergesi veya göstergelerinden kaynaklandığının belirlenmesi açısından önemlidir. Analiz sonuçlarına göre AB ülkelerinde dijital ekonominin sürdürülebilir kalkınma üzerindeki etkisi pozitif ve istatistiksel olarak anlamlıdır. Başka bir ifadeyle söz konusu ülkelerde dijital ekonomideki artış sürdürülebilir kalkınmayı artırmaktadır. AB tarafından ölçülen beş dijital ekonomi göstergelerinden olan ve işletmelerin dijitalleşmesi ve çevrimiçi satış kanallarının geliştirilmesini ifade eden dijital teknolojiye entegrasyon indeksinin, sürdürülebilir kalkınma indeksi üzerindeki etkisi pozitif ve istatistiksel olarak anlamlıdır. Bu indeksin dışında kalan diğer dijital ekonomi göstergelerinin sürdürülebilir kalkınma üzerinde etkisinin olmadığı sonucuna ulaşılmıştır. Analiz bulguları AB ülkelerinin sürdürülebilir kalkınma düzeyinin artmasında dijital ekonomi göstergelerinden sadece dijital teknolojiye entegrasyon indeksinin etkili olduğunu göstermiştir.

This study is to examine the relationship between information and communication technology (ICT) and financial development in the Turkish economy during the period of 1986–2018. By empirical literature, economic growth, technological innovation, and financial globalization are added to the financial development model as explanatory variables. The autoregressive distributed lag (ARDL) model and Hatemi-J cointegration test with two structural breaks are applied to examine the presence of cointegration between the variables. Dynamic ordinary least squares (DOLS), fully modified least squares (FMOLS), and canonical cointegrating regression (CCR) estimation techniques are applied for long-term estimates. The vector error correction model (VECM) Granger causality approach is used for causality analysis. Our empirical results show that under the structural break, ICT, economic growth, technological innovation, and financial globalization are cointegrated with financial development. In the presence of a structural break, ICT and technological innovation negatively affect financial development, while economic growth and financial globalization have a positive impact on financial development. The causality analysis determines that there is a one-way causality relationship running from ICT and economic growth to financial development. In addition, technological innovation and financial globalization lead to long-term financial development. Empirical findings have important policy recommendations for financial development in the Turkish economy.