In this research, we chose six indicators—soil conservation, water conservation, carbon sequestration, windbreak and sand fixation, biodiversity conservation, and forest recreation—to compute the forestland ecosystem service index for forestland within the study region, utilizing time series data. The outcomes reveal that the aggregate index of forestland ecosystem services exhibits a spatial distribution characterized by higher values in the northeastern part and lower values in the southwestern part, with an upward trend over time. Among these functions, windbreak and sand fixation, water conservation, carbon sequestration, and forest recreation all maintained relatively high growth rates. We selected 10 factors that are closely related to the natural environment and human activities and employed spatial principal component analysis to develop a comprehensive resistance surface. Based on the assessment results of forestland ecosystem functions, in conjunction with morphological spatial pattern analysis (MSPA) as well as landscape connectivity analysis, we optimized the method for identifying ecological source sites and extracted 38 ecological source sites. Subsequently, leveraging circuit theory, we extracted 91 ecological corridors and pinpointed 25 ecological nodes, ultimately constructing a forestland ecosystem security pattern (ESP) in the study area and proposing restoration strategies.

Heavy metal pollution poses a global environmental challenge, with lead (Pb) being particularly concerning due to its persistence and toxicity. This study investigated Xanthium strumarium L. from China’s Yellow River Sanmenxia section through hydroponic experiments (0–600 mg/L Pb²⁺, 1–11 d exposure) to elucidate its Pb²⁺ response mechanisms. Integrated analyses (EDX, FTIR, thermogravimetry, hyperspectral imaging) revealed a three-phase sequestration strategy: the roots immobilized 88.55% of Pb through pectin carboxyl de-esterification and lignin–Pb complexation, while the stems and leaves retained <11.14% and <0.31%, respectively. A critical threshold (300 mg/L) triggered nonlinear Pb accumulation escalation. Thermogravimetric analysis demonstrated enhanced cell wall stability under Pb stress (66.7% residual carbon increase at 600 mg/L). Hyperspectral features (1670 nm band intensity) effectively tracked physiological stress dynamics. The findings establish X. strumarium’s superior suitability for root-based immobilization rather than phytoextraction in Pb-contaminated sites, with its low translocation efficiency minimizing ecological risks. The identified concentration threshold and spectral biomarkers provide multi-scale insights for optimizing in situ phytostabilization strategies, advancing both theoretical understandings and practical applications in heavy metal remediation.