Reliable data on cause of death (COD) are fundamental for planning and resource allocation priorities. We used GBD 2015 estimates to examine levels and trends for the leading causes of death in Brazil from 1990 to 2015. We describe the main analytical approaches focused on both overall and specific causes of death for Brazil and Brazilian states. There was an overall improvement in life expectancy at birth from 1990 to 2015, but with important heterogeneity among states. Reduced mortality due to diarrhea, lower respiratory infections, and other infectious diseases contributed the most for increasing life expectancy in most states from the North and Northeast regions. Reduced mortality due to cardiovascular diseases was the highest contributor in the South, Southeast, and Center West regions. However, among men, intentional injuries reduced life expectancy in 17 out of 27 states. Although age-standardized rates due to ischemic heart disease (IHD) and cerebrovascular disease declined over time, these remained the leading CODs in the country and states. In contrast, leading causes of premature mortality changed substantially - e.g., diarrheal diseases moved from 1st to 13th and then the 36th position in 1990, 2005, and 2015, respectively, while violence moved from 7th to 1st and to 2nd. Overall, the total age-standardized years of life lost (YLL) rate was reduced from 1990 to 2015, bringing the burden of premature deaths closer to expected rates given the country’s Socio-demographic Index (SDI). In 1990, IHD, stroke, diarrhea, neonatal preterm birth complications, road injury, and violence had ratios higher than the expected, while in 2015 only violence was higher, overall and in all states, according to the SDI. A widespread reduction of mortality levels occurred in Brazil from 1990 to 2015, particularly among children under 5 years old. Major shifts in mortality rates took place among communicable, maternal, neonatal, and nutritional disorders. The mortality profile has shifted to older ages with increases in non-communicable diseases as well as premature deaths due to violence. Policymakers should address health interventions accordingly.

RESUMO: Objetivo: Analisar as taxas de mortalidade por neoplasia maligna no Brasil e nas Unidades da Federação (UF) nos anos de 1990 e 2015, segundo o sexo e principais tipos de câncer. Métodos: Com as estimativas de carga global de doença para o Brasil, foram calculadas taxas de mortalidade por câncer, ajustadas por idade e respectivos intervalos de incerteza de 95%, para o Brasil e UF, em 1990 e 2015, bem como a variação percentual dessas no período. Foram analisadas as principais causas de mortalidade por câncer segundo sexo, considerando as cinco taxas mais elevadas no país e para cada estado. Resultados: A taxa de mortalidade por câncer para homens e mulheres manteve-se estável entre os dois anos no país. O mesmo padrão de comportamento foi observado em praticamente todas as UF, sendo que a maioria dos estados da região Nordeste e metade da região Norte exibiram aumento não significativo das taxas de mortalidade. Em relação aos tipos, houve queda nas taxas de mortalidade para os cânceres de estômago em ambos os sexos (mulheres: -38,9%; homens: -37,3%), colo do útero em mulheres (-33,9%), e pulmão e esôfago em homens (-12,0% e -14,1%, respectivamente); em contrapartida, houve aumento para os cânceres de pulmão em mulheres (+20,7%) e de cólon e reto em homens (+29,5%). Conclusão: As diferenças de comportamento dos principais tipos de câncer, com queda principalmente nas regiões mais desenvolvidas e aumento nas regiões menos desenvolvidas do país, parecem refletir as desigualdades tanto socioeconômicas quanto de acesso aos serviços de saúde pela população brasileira.

OBJETIVO: Analisar a prevalência dos casos sugestivos de perda auditiva induzida por ruído em trabalhadores metalúrgicos, potencialmente expostos ao ruído ocupacional (83 a 102 dB). MÉTODOS: Estudo transversal conduzido em empresa metalúrgica prestadora de serviços localizada no município do Rio de Janeiro, Brasil. Com o Programa de Conservação Auditiva da empresa, foram analisados dados clínicos e ocupacionais de 182 trabalhadores, em atividade no período de novembro de 2001 a março de 2002. Utilizou-se da classificação acústica das unidades operacionais das empresas contratantes para a caracterização do status de exposição ao ruído no ambiente de trabalho, em função da dificuldade de quantificação em nível individual. Foram testadas associações entre esses casos e variáveis tais como idade, tempo de atividade na empresa, tempo de exposição ao ruído ocupacional e uso regular de equipamento de proteção individual, por meio de razão de prevalência e análise de regressão logística. RESULTADOS: A prevalência de casos sugestivos de perda auditiva induzida por ruído foi de 15,9% e, na análise multivariada, foram identificadas associações significativas (p<0,05) entre esses casos e as variáveis idade e uso regular de equipamento de proteção individual. CONCLUSÕES: Os resultados encontrados contribuíram para melhor compreensão do comportamento de algumas das principais características relacionadas à perda auditiva induzida por ruído, em uma situação particular de organização do trabalho, relativamente comum nas indústrias brasileiras.

Our objectives with this study were to describe the spatial distribution of mammographic screening coverage across small geographical areas (micro-regions) in Brazil, and to analyze whether the observed differences were associated with spatial inequities in socioeconomic conditions, provision of health care, and healthcare services utilization. We performed an area-based ecological study on mammographic screening coverage in the period of 2010-2011 regarding socioeconomic and healthcare variables. The units of analysis were the 438 health micro-regions in Brazil. Spatial regression models were used to study these relationships. There was marked variability in mammographic coverage across micro-regions (median = 21.6%; interquartile range: 8.1%-37.9%). Multivariable analyses identified high household income inequality, low number of radiologists/100,000 inhabitants, low number of mammography machines/10,000 inhabitants, and low number of mammograms performed by each machine as independent correlates of poor mammographic coverage at the micro-region level. There was evidence of strong spatial dependence of these associations, with changes in one micro-region affecting neighboring micro-regions, and also of geographical heterogeneities. There were substantial inequities in access to mammographic screening across micro-regions in Brazil, in 2010-2011, with coverage being higher in those with smaller wealth inequities and better access to health care.

BACKGROUND: Helicobacter pylori infection is the most important risk factor for gastric atrophy and intestinal metaplasia, both considered gastric cancer precursor lesions. Therefore, the investigation of the occurrence of H. pylori infection, precursor lesions and associated factors guides the adoption of specific strategies for the control this type of cancer. OBJECTIVE: To evaluate the prevalence of H. pylori infection in patients undergoing upper digestive endoscopy, as well as the prevalence of intestinal metaplasia, atrophy and chronic inflammation and their association with H. pylori infection. METHODS: A retrospective study was performed based on reports of gastric endoscopic biopsies performed in a private laboratory affiliated to the Brazilian Public Health System (SUS). Patients were evaluated for age, gender and type of health service. The samples were evaluated for the presence of H. pylori, and also of chronic inflammation, intestinal metaplasia and glandular atrophy. RESULTS: Of a total of 4,604 patients (mean age 51±16.6), 63.9% were female and 63.1% coming from private health care service. The prevalence of H. pylori infection was 31.7% (n=1,459), and the percentage of infection was significantly higher in patients from public health service (42.0%) in relation to patients from private health service (25.6%). Among H. pylori (+) patients, a higher percentage of intestinal metaplasia (17.7% vs 13.3%) and glandular atrophy (17.6% vs 6.9%) were observed when compared to those H. pylori (-) (P<0.01). From the patients H. pylori (+) with at least one type of precursor lesion (n=418), 161 (38.5%) had metaplasia and chronic inflammation, 160 (38.3%) had atrophy and chronic inflammation and finally 97 (23.2%) presented metaplasia, atrophy and chronic inflammation simultaneously. CONCLUSION: The present study reinforces the association of H. pylori infection with gastric cancer precursor lesions in a Brazilian population, emphasizing the importance of infection prevention measures, as well as the treatment of infected patients, especially in regions with lower socioeconomic levels that show a higher prevalence of infection by H. pylori.

Cervical cancer represents an important preventable cause of morbidity and mortality in developing countries such as Brazil. Investigating temporal evolution of a disease burden in the different realities of the country is essential for improving public policies. To describe the national and subnational burden of cervical cancer, based on the estimates of the 2017 Global Burden of Disease study. Descriptive study of premature mortality (years of life lost [YLL]) and burden of disease (disability-adjusted life years [DALYs]) associated with cervical cancer among Brazilian women aged 25-64 years, between 2000 and 2017. During the study period, age-standardized incidence decreased from 23.53 (22.79-24.26) to 18.39 (17.63-19.17) per 100,000 women, while mortality rates decreased from 11.3 (11.05-11.56) to 7.74 (7.49-8.02) per 100,000 women. These rates were about two to three times greater than equivalent rates in a developed country, such as England: 11.98 (11.45-12.55) to 10.37 (9.85-10.9), and 3.75 (3.68-3.84) to 2.82 (2.75-2.9) per 100,000 women, respectively. Poorer regions of Brazil had greater rates of the disease; for instance, Amapá State in the Northern Region had rates twice as high as the national rates during the same period. Cervical cancer was the leading cause of premature cancer-related mortality (YLL = 100.69, 91.48-110.61 per 100,000 women) among young women (25-29 years) in Brazil and eight federation units of all country regions except the Southeast in 2017. There was a decrease in the burden of cervical cancer in Brazil from 339.59 (330.82-348.83) DALYs per 100,000 women in 2000 to 238.99 (230.45-247.99) DALYs per 100,000 women in 2017. Although there has been a reduction in the burden of cervical cancer in Brazil, the rates remain high, mainly among young women. The persistence of inequalities between regions of Brazil suggests the importance of socioeconomic determinants in the burden for this cancer.