In this paper, using the continuum-discontinuum element method (CDEM), the fragmentation and outburst process of coal specimen are simulated, and the main factors affecting coal breaking and outburst are explored. The results show that after the coal seam is uncovered, coal generates obvious failure and outburst trend. Near coal-free surface, the fracture coal blocks generate significant displacement, resulting in larger opening widths of coal cracks. Coal deep generates the cracks without an obvious opening width. The crack density of coal with pore gas is larger than those of coal without gas, and it is larger than those of coal without pores. However, in the early stage of coal failure, the obvious separation and outburst ranges of coal with gas are smaller than those of coal without gas, and are smaller than those of coal without pores. The numbers of fracture coal blocks show an increase with the growth of in situ stress, pore ratio and gas pressure. The effect of in situ stress on fracture coal block number (517–10,203) is larger than the effect (7589–15,170) of pore ratio and is larger than the effect (5803–6836) of gas pressure. The effect of in situ stress on a maximum size (0.0387–0.138 m) of fracture blocks is larger than the effect (0.0342–0.0733 m) of pore ratio and is larger than the effect (0.0454–0.0578 m) of gas pressure. The coal outburst velocity and range show an increase with the growth of gas pressure and in situ stress (3.77–5.65 m/s); however, the coal outburst shows a slow decrease with a growth of pore ratio. The effect of gas pressure on the coal outburst velocity (11.51–21.9 m/s) is larger than the effect (3.77–5.65 m/s) of in situ stress and is larger than the effect (4.52–5.23 m/s) of pore ratio. This investigation is beneficial to understand the mechanisms of coal–gas outburst in coal mining and roadway excavation.