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Gergely Tóth
Department of Soil Science and Environmental Informatics, Georgikon Faculty, University of Pannonia, H-8360 Keszthely, Hungary

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Review
Published: 26 May 2021 in Plants
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Rice is a worldwide staple food and heavy metal contamination is often reported in rice production. Heavy metal can originate from natural sources or be present through anthropogenic contamination. Therefore, this review summarizes the current status of heavy metal contamination in paddy soil and plants, highlighting the mechanism of uptake, bioaccumulation, and health risk assessment. A scoping search employing Google Scholar, Science Direct, Research Gate, Scopus, and Wiley Online was carried out to build up the review using the following keywords: heavy metals, absorption, translocation, accumulation, uptake, biotransformation, rice, and human risk with no restrictions being placed on the year of study. Cadmium (Cd), arsenic (As), and lead (Pb) have been identified as the most prevalent metals in rice cultivation. Mining and irrigation activities are primary sources, but chemical fertilizer and pesticide usage also contribute to heavy metal contamination of paddy soil worldwide. Further to their adverse effect on the paddy ecosystem by reducing the soil fertility and grain yield, heavy metal contamination represents a risk to human health. An in-depth discussion is further offered on health risk assessments by quantitative measurement to identify potential risk towards heavy metal exposure via rice consumption, which consisted of in vitro digestion models through a vital ingestion portion of rice.

ACS Style

Zuliana Zakaria; Nur Zulkafflee; Nurul Mohd Redzuan; Jinap Selamat; Mohd Ismail; Sarva Praveena; Gergely Tóth; Ahmad Abdull Razis. Understanding Potential Heavy Metal Contamination, Absorption, Translocation and Accumulation in Rice and Human Health Risks. Plants 2021, 10, 1070 .

AMA Style

Zuliana Zakaria, Nur Zulkafflee, Nurul Mohd Redzuan, Jinap Selamat, Mohd Ismail, Sarva Praveena, Gergely Tóth, Ahmad Abdull Razis. Understanding Potential Heavy Metal Contamination, Absorption, Translocation and Accumulation in Rice and Human Health Risks. Plants. 2021; 10 (6):1070.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Zuliana Zakaria; Nur Zulkafflee; Nurul Mohd Redzuan; Jinap Selamat; Mohd Ismail; Sarva Praveena; Gergely Tóth; Ahmad Abdull Razis. 2021. "Understanding Potential Heavy Metal Contamination, Absorption, Translocation and Accumulation in Rice and Human Health Risks." Plants 10, no. 6: 1070.

Journal article
Published: 02 October 2020 in Hungarian Geographical Bulletin
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Global climate change has discernible impacts on the quality of the landscapes of Hungary. Only a dynamic and spatially differentiated land evaluation methodology can properly reflect these changes. The provision level, rate oftransformation and spatial distribution of ecosystem services (ESs) are fundamental properties of landscapes and have to be integral parts of an up-to-date land evaluation. For agricultural land capability assessment soil fertility is a major supporting ES, directly associated with climate change through greenhouse gas emissions and carbon sequestration as regulationg services. Since for Hungary aridification is the most severe consequence of climate change, water-related ESs, such as water retention and storage on and below the surface as well as control of floods, water pollution and soil erosion, are of increasing importance. The productivity of agricultural crops is enhanced by more atmospheric CO2 but restricted by higher drought susceptibility. The value of floodplain landscapes, i.e. their agroecological, nature conservation, tourism (aesthetic) and other potentials, however, will be increasingly controlled by their water supply, which is characterized by hydrometeorological parameters. Case studies are presented for the estimation of the value of two water-related regulating ESs (water retention and groundwater recharge capacities) in the floodplains of the Kapos and Drava rivers, Southwest Hungary. It is predictable that in the future land evaluation techniques based on the FAO framework will be more dynamic and integrated with the monetary valuation of ESs. The latter task, however, still involves numerous methodological problems to solve.

ACS Style

Dénes Lóczy; Gergely Tóth; Tamás Hermann; Marietta Rezsek; Gábor Nagy; József Dezső; Ali Salem; Péter Gyenizse; Anne Gobin; Andrea Vacca; Ali Salem. Perspectives of land evaluation of floodplains under conditions of aridification based on the assessment of ecosystem services. Hungarian Geographical Bulletin 2020, 69, 227 -243.

AMA Style

Dénes Lóczy, Gergely Tóth, Tamás Hermann, Marietta Rezsek, Gábor Nagy, József Dezső, Ali Salem, Péter Gyenizse, Anne Gobin, Andrea Vacca, Ali Salem. Perspectives of land evaluation of floodplains under conditions of aridification based on the assessment of ecosystem services. Hungarian Geographical Bulletin. 2020; 69 (3):227-243.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Dénes Lóczy; Gergely Tóth; Tamás Hermann; Marietta Rezsek; Gábor Nagy; József Dezső; Ali Salem; Péter Gyenizse; Anne Gobin; Andrea Vacca; Ali Salem. 2020. "Perspectives of land evaluation of floodplains under conditions of aridification based on the assessment of ecosystem services." Hungarian Geographical Bulletin 69, no. 3: 227-243.

Journal article
Published: 01 July 2020 in Sustainability
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Over-fertilization before 1989 resulted in high phosphorus levels in agricultural soils of Hungary, but the accumulated reserves seem to have been depleted in recent decades due to under-fertilization. The aims of this study were to map the spatial pattern of phosphorus level and its change in the last few decades in Hungary to document the effect of fertilization and underlying socio-economic conditions on P concentrations, to identify the role of soil properties in changing soil soluble P and to quantify the total amount of soluble phosphorus level change in agricultural areas in the last few decades in the country. Two soil datasets were analyzed (National Pedological and Crop Production Database of Hungary and the Land Use/Land Cover Area Frame Survey, LUCAS, topsoil dataset), representing the status of soil nutrient contents in 1989 and in 2009. The measured phosphorus concentrations were compared to the reported phosphorus fertilization inputs. We also evaluated the effect of some important soil properties on soluble phosphorus content and on its change. We produced three maps by using kriging methods: soluble phosphorus levels in 1989, in 2009 and the change between 1989 and 2009. The results confirmed that phosphorus levels in agricultural areas depend mainly on agricultural use, while soil physical characteristics play a smaller role. Nevertheless, we demonstrated that the decrease in soil phosphorus levels was significantly influenced by soil chemistry (pH and CaCO3 content). The mean soluble phosphorus level was 108 mg/kg in 1989 and 28 mg/kg in 2009, and the median values were 100 and 21.65. The total loss (caused by harvesting, fixation and erosion) is ~1.5 million tons of soluble phosphorus, which is twice as much as the reported phosphorus balances indicated. In conclusion, our results show that approximately 50% of agricultural areas in Hungary are characterized by a very low supply of phosphorus (according to the latest data), posing a risk of nutrient depletion in these areas.

ACS Style

Piroska Kassai; Gergely Tóth. Agricultural Soil Phosphorus in Hungary: High Resolution Mapping and Assessment of Socioeconomic and Pedological Factors of Spatiotemporal Variability. Sustainability 2020, 12, 5311 .

AMA Style

Piroska Kassai, Gergely Tóth. Agricultural Soil Phosphorus in Hungary: High Resolution Mapping and Assessment of Socioeconomic and Pedological Factors of Spatiotemporal Variability. Sustainability. 2020; 12 (13):5311.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Piroska Kassai; Gergely Tóth. 2020. "Agricultural Soil Phosphorus in Hungary: High Resolution Mapping and Assessment of Socioeconomic and Pedological Factors of Spatiotemporal Variability." Sustainability 12, no. 13: 5311.

Journal article
Published: 01 December 2019 in Agrokémia és Talajtan
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ACS Style

Gergely Tóth. Felkért hozzászólás „Michéli Erika, Fuchs Márta, Szegi Tamás, Csorba Ádám, Dobos Endre, Szabóné Kele Gabriella: A diagnosztikus szemléletben megújított hazai talajosztályozási rendszer: alapelvek, felépítés, osztályozási szabályok” című vitaanyagához (2018.10.10). Agrokémia és Talajtan 2019, 68, 333 -344.

AMA Style

Gergely Tóth. Felkért hozzászólás „Michéli Erika, Fuchs Márta, Szegi Tamás, Csorba Ádám, Dobos Endre, Szabóné Kele Gabriella: A diagnosztikus szemléletben megújított hazai talajosztályozási rendszer: alapelvek, felépítés, osztályozási szabályok” című vitaanyagához (2018.10.10). Agrokémia és Talajtan. 2019; 68 (2):333-344.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Gergely Tóth. 2019. "Felkért hozzászólás „Michéli Erika, Fuchs Márta, Szegi Tamás, Csorba Ádám, Dobos Endre, Szabóné Kele Gabriella: A diagnosztikus szemléletben megújított hazai talajosztályozási rendszer: alapelvek, felépítés, osztályozási szabályok” című vitaanyagához (2018.10.10)." Agrokémia és Talajtan 68, no. 2: 333-344.

Journal article
Published: 14 August 2018 in Sustainability
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To ensure an adequate level of protection in the European Union (EU), the European Commission (EC) adopted the Soil Thematic Strategy in 2006, including a proposal for a Soil Framework Directive (the Directive). However, a minority of Member States (United Kingdom, Germany, France, Austria, and The Netherlands) could not agree on the text of the proposed Directive. Consequently, the EC decided to withdraw the proposal in 2014. In the more than 10 years that have passed since the initial proposal, a great number of new evidences on soil degradation and its negative consequences, have proved the necessity of a common European soil protection Directive. This study is aimed at specifying the possible obstacles, differences, and gaps in legislature and administration in the countries that formed the blocking minority, which resulted in the refusal of the Directive. The individual legislations of the opposing countries on the matter, were summarized and compared with the goals set by the Directive, in three highlighted aspects: (1) soil-dependent threats, (2) contamination, and (3) sealing. We designed a simple schematic evaluation system to show the basic levels of differences and similarities. We found that the legislative regulations concerning soil-dependent degradation and contamination issues in the above countries were generally well defined, complementary, and thorough. A common European legislation can be based on harmonised approaches between them, focusing on technical implementations. In the aspect of sealing we found recommendations, principles, and good practices rather than binding regulations in the scrutinised countries. Soil sealing is an issue where the proposed Directive’s measures, could have exceeded those of the Member States.

ACS Style

Petra Stankovics; Gergely Tóth; Zoltán Tóth. Identifying Gaps between the Legislative Tools of Soil Protection in the EU Member States for a Common European Soil Protection Legislation. Sustainability 2018, 10, 2886 .

AMA Style

Petra Stankovics, Gergely Tóth, Zoltán Tóth. Identifying Gaps between the Legislative Tools of Soil Protection in the EU Member States for a Common European Soil Protection Legislation. Sustainability. 2018; 10 (8):2886.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Petra Stankovics; Gergely Tóth; Zoltán Tóth. 2018. "Identifying Gaps between the Legislative Tools of Soil Protection in the EU Member States for a Common European Soil Protection Legislation." Sustainability 10, no. 8: 2886.

Article
Published: 04 January 2018 in Environmental Monitoring and Assessment
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The adoption of the 17 sustainable development goals (SDGs) listed in the 2030 Agenda for Sustainable Development by the United Nations urged the scientific community to generate information for planning and monitoring socioeconomic development and the underlying environmental compartments. SDGs 2, 3, 6, 11, 13, 14, and 15 have targets which commend direct consideration of soil resources. There are five groups of SDGs and assigned SDG indicators where soil plays a central role. Frameworks of soil-related sustainable development goals and related indicators which can be monitored in current monitoring schemes are proposed.

ACS Style

Gergely Tóth; Tamás Hermann; Manuela Ravina Da Silva; Luca Montanarella. Monitoring soil for sustainable development and land degradation neutrality. Environmental Monitoring and Assessment 2018, 190, 1 -4.

AMA Style

Gergely Tóth, Tamás Hermann, Manuela Ravina Da Silva, Luca Montanarella. Monitoring soil for sustainable development and land degradation neutrality. Environmental Monitoring and Assessment. 2018; 190 (2):1-4.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Gergely Tóth; Tamás Hermann; Manuela Ravina Da Silva; Luca Montanarella. 2018. "Monitoring soil for sustainable development and land degradation neutrality." Environmental Monitoring and Assessment 190, no. 2: 1-4.

Journal article
Published: 01 December 2017 in Science of The Total Environment
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We provide an overview of the main features of the LUCAS topsoil survey of the EU in comparison to the GEMAS survey. In addition we describe the policy requirements and scientific principles of soil monitoring programs.

ACS Style

Gergely Tóth; Tamás Hermann; Gábor Szatmári; László Pásztor. Remarks to the debate on mapping heavy metals in soil and soil monitoring in the European Union. Science of The Total Environment 2017, 603-604, 827 -831.

AMA Style

Gergely Tóth, Tamás Hermann, Gábor Szatmári, László Pásztor. Remarks to the debate on mapping heavy metals in soil and soil monitoring in the European Union. Science of The Total Environment. 2017; 603-604 ():827-831.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Gergely Tóth; Tamás Hermann; Gábor Szatmári; László Pásztor. 2017. "Remarks to the debate on mapping heavy metals in soil and soil monitoring in the European Union." Science of The Total Environment 603-604, no. : 827-831.

Original article
Published: 25 August 2017 in European Journal of Soil Science
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The objective of this study was to develop pedotransfer functions (PTFs) for converting soil particle‐size distribution (PSD) data from the laser diffraction method (LDM) to the classical sieve–pipette method (SPM) for use on a wide range of temperate soil types. Four hundred soil samples, representative of European soil types and climate zones, were selected from the LUCAS (Land Use/Land Cover Area Frame Survey) topsoil database and their PSDs were determined with LDM and SPM. The LDM measurements were made on samples with (i) their organic matter (OM) removed and (ii) their OM content present. The ranges of PSD obtained with the two pretreatment methods enabled clay–silt and silt–sand boundaries from LDM (6.6 and 60.3 µm for soil with OM, respectively, and 5.8 and 69.2 µm for soil without OM, respectively) to be optimized. Optimization of the boundaries of the fractions considerably improved the prediction performance of SPM PSD from LDM PSD. Specific PTFs with different input requirements were developed for continental scale applications in Europe to convert data from LDM to SPM. The predictions of SPM clay, silt and sand contents were the most accurate with PTFs that used PSD from LDM and soil chemical properties (R2 0.83, 0.81, 0.94; RMSE 6.14, 7.91 and 6.58%, respectively). For the most accurate results no pretreatment for OM removal was required, but data on chemical properties were necessary. If no soil chemical data are available, the most accurate PTFs need input data of LDM PSD that originate from samples on which the OM content was removed prior to the PSD analysis. Highlights PTFs are developed to harmonize PSD data between laser diffraction (LDM) and sieve–pipette (SPM) methods. PTFs are derived from a representative dataset from Europe for application at the continental scale. Clay–silt and silt–sand boundaries for LDM without removing OM are at 6.6 and 60.3 µm, respectively. Clay–silt and silt–sand boundaries for LDM with OM removed are at 5.8 and 69.2 µm, respectively.

ACS Style

A. Makó; G. Tóth; M. Weynants; K. Rajkai; T. Hermann; B. Tóth. Pedotransfer functions for converting laser diffraction particle-size data to conventional values. European Journal of Soil Science 2017, 68, 769 -782.

AMA Style

A. Makó, G. Tóth, M. Weynants, K. Rajkai, T. Hermann, B. Tóth. Pedotransfer functions for converting laser diffraction particle-size data to conventional values. European Journal of Soil Science. 2017; 68 (5):769-782.

Chicago/Turabian Style

A. Makó; G. Tóth; M. Weynants; K. Rajkai; T. Hermann; B. Tóth. 2017. "Pedotransfer functions for converting laser diffraction particle-size data to conventional values." European Journal of Soil Science 68, no. 5: 769-782.

Journal article
Published: 24 August 2017 in European Journal of Soil Science
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There is an increasing demand for information on organic carbon (OC) in subsurface horizons, because subsurface horizons down to the bedrock can contribute to more than half of soil carbon stocks. In this study, we developed pedotransfer functions (PTFs) for predicting OC content in subsurface horizons of European soils. We used a dataset with a wide geographical coverage in Europe. The dataset was stratified sequentially into land-cover and soil categories. For each category, PTFs were developed by multiple linear regression with the main soil and climatic factors of soil OC storage as predictor variables: OC in topsoil (0–20 cm), depth of subsurface horizons, texture and bulk density (BD) in subsurface horizons, and mean annual temperature and precipitation. Three land-cover categories were separated: woodland, a combined category of grassland and non-permanent arable land, and permanent arable land. For the combined land-cover category, two soil categories were identified: (i) soils with clay-rich subsoil and soils with little horizon development and (ii) organic-rich soils and soils rich in Fe and Al compounds. The adjusted R2 of all PTFs was above 0.62. When PTFs were applied to independent data, the adjusted R2 was above 0.51 for all of them. The PTFs showed good prediction ability, with root mean square error (RMSE) values between 2.43 and 13.82 g C kg−1 soil. The adjusted R2 and RMSE of PTFs were better when BD was used as a predictor variable. The PTFs could be implemented easily for applications at the continental scale in Europe.HighlightsA methodology to fit PTFs for predicting OC in subsurface horizons of European soils.PTFs were fitted by MLRA with OC in topsoil, depth, texture, BD and climatic data.Our method validated grouping soil profiles in land cover and soil categories to develop PTFs.Bulk density improved the quality of fit and prediction ability of the PTFs of each category.

ACS Style

O. Fernández-Ugalde; G. Tóth. Pedotransfer functions for predicting organic carbon in subsurface horizons of European soils. European Journal of Soil Science 2017, 68, 716 -725.

AMA Style

O. Fernández-Ugalde, G. Tóth. Pedotransfer functions for predicting organic carbon in subsurface horizons of European soils. European Journal of Soil Science. 2017; 68 (5):716-725.

Chicago/Turabian Style

O. Fernández-Ugalde; G. Tóth. 2017. "Pedotransfer functions for predicting organic carbon in subsurface horizons of European soils." European Journal of Soil Science 68, no. 5: 716-725.

Journal article
Published: 01 May 2017 in Science of The Total Environment
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Recent developments in applied mathematics are bringing new tools that are capable to synthesize knowledge in various disciplines, and help in finding hidden relationships between variables. One such technique is topological data analysis (TDA), a fusion of classical exploration techniques such as principal component analysis (PCA), and a topological point of view applied to clustering of results. Various phenomena have already received new interpretations thanks to TDA, from the proper choice of sport teams to cancer treatments. For the first time, this technique has been applied in soil science, to show the interaction between physical and chemical soil attributes and main soil-forming factors, such as climate and land use. The topsoil data set of the Land Use/Land Cover Area Frame survey (LUCAS) was used as a comprehensive database that consists of approximately 20,000 samples, each described by 12 physical and chemical parameters. After the application of TDA, results obtained were cross-checked against known grouping parameters including five types of land cover, nine types of climate and the organic carbon content of soil. Some of the grouping characteristics observed using standard approaches were confirmed by TDA (e.g., organic carbon content) but novel subtle relationships (e.g., magnitude of anthropogenic effect in soil formation), were discovered as well. The importance of this finding is that TDA is a unique mathematical technique capable of extracting complex relations hidden in soil science data sets, giving the opportunity to see the influence of physicochemical, biotic and abiotic factors on topsoil formation through fresh eyes.

ACS Style

Aleksandar Savic; Gergely Toth; Ludovic Duponchel. Topological data analysis (TDA) applied to reveal pedogenetic principles of European topsoil system. Science of The Total Environment 2017, 586, 1091 -1100.

AMA Style

Aleksandar Savic, Gergely Toth, Ludovic Duponchel. Topological data analysis (TDA) applied to reveal pedogenetic principles of European topsoil system. Science of The Total Environment. 2017; 586 ():1091-1100.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Aleksandar Savic; Gergely Toth; Ludovic Duponchel. 2017. "Topological data analysis (TDA) applied to reveal pedogenetic principles of European topsoil system." Science of The Total Environment 586, no. : 1091-1100.

Review
Published: 16 September 2016 in Soil Use and Management
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Cycling of nutrients, including nitrogen and phosphorus, is one of the ecosystem services we expect agricultural soils to deliver. Nutrient cycling incorporates the reuse of agricultural, industrial and municipal organic residues that, misleadingly, are often referred to as ‘wastes’. The present review disentangles the processes underlying the cycling of nutrients to better understand which soil properties determine the performance of that function. Four processes are identified (i) the capacity to receive nutrients, (ii) the capacity to make and keep nutrients available to crops, (iii) the capacity to support the uptake of nutrients by crops and (iv) the capacity to support their successful removal in harvested crop. Soil properties matter but it is imperative that, as constituents of ‘soil quality’, they should be evaluated in the context of management options and climate and not as ends in their own right. The effect of a soil property may vary depending on the prevailing climatic and hydrologic conditions and on other soil properties. We recognize that individual soil properties may be enhancing one of the processes underlying the cycling of nutrients but simultaneously weakening others. Competing demands on soil properties are even more obvious when considering other soil functions such as primary production, purification and flow regulation of water, climate modification and habitat provision, as shown by examples. Consequently, evaluations of soil properties and management actions need to be site‐specific, taking account of local aspects of their suitability and potential challenges.

ACS Style

J. J. Schröder; Rogier Schulte; Rachel Creamer; Antonio Delgado; Jeroen Peter van Leeuwen; T. Lehtinen; M. Rutgers; Heide Spiegel; J. Staes; Gergely Toth; David P. Wall. The elusive role of soil quality in nutrient cycling: a review. Soil Use and Management 2016, 32, 476 -486.

AMA Style

J. J. Schröder, Rogier Schulte, Rachel Creamer, Antonio Delgado, Jeroen Peter van Leeuwen, T. Lehtinen, M. Rutgers, Heide Spiegel, J. Staes, Gergely Toth, David P. Wall. The elusive role of soil quality in nutrient cycling: a review. Soil Use and Management. 2016; 32 (4):476-486.

Chicago/Turabian Style

J. J. Schröder; Rogier Schulte; Rachel Creamer; Antonio Delgado; Jeroen Peter van Leeuwen; T. Lehtinen; M. Rutgers; Heide Spiegel; J. Staes; Gergely Toth; David P. Wall. 2016. "The elusive role of soil quality in nutrient cycling: a review." Soil Use and Management 32, no. 4: 476-486.

Journal article
Published: 01 September 2016 in Science of The Total Environment
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Soil contamination is one of the greatest concerns among the threats to soil resources in Europe and globally. Despite of its importance there was only very course scale (1/5000 km2) data available on soil heavy metal concentrations prior to the LUCAS topsoil survey, which had a sampling density of 200 km2. Based on the results of the LUCAS sampling and auxiliary information detailed and up-to-date maps of heavy metals (As, Cd, Cr, Cu, Hg, Pb, Zn, Sb, Co and Ni) in the topsoil of the European Union were produced. Using the maps of heavy metal concentration in topsoil we made a spatial prediction of areas where local assessment is suggested to monitor and eventually control the potential threat from heavy metals. Most of the examined elements remain under the corresponding threshold values in the majority of the land of the EU. However, one or more of the elements exceed the applied threshold concentration on 1.2 M km2, which is 28.3% of the total surface area of the EU. While natural backgrounds might be the reason for high concentrations on large proportion of the affected soils, historical and recent industrial and mining areas show elevated concentrations (predominantly of As, Cd, Pb and Hg) too, indicating the magnitude of anthropogenic effect on soil quality in Europe.

ACS Style

Gergely Tóth; Tamás Hermann; Gábor Szatmári; László Pásztor. Maps of heavy metals in the soils of the European Union and proposed priority areas for detailed assessment. Science of The Total Environment 2016, 565, 1054 -1062.

AMA Style

Gergely Tóth, Tamás Hermann, Gábor Szatmári, László Pásztor. Maps of heavy metals in the soils of the European Union and proposed priority areas for detailed assessment. Science of The Total Environment. 2016; 565 ():1054-1062.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Gergely Tóth; Tamás Hermann; Gábor Szatmári; László Pásztor. 2016. "Maps of heavy metals in the soils of the European Union and proposed priority areas for detailed assessment." Science of The Total Environment 565, no. : 1054-1062.

Journal article
Published: 03 February 2016 in Environment International
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Soil plays a central role in food safety as it determines the possible composition of food and feed at the root of the food chain. However, the quality of soil resources as defined by their potential impact on human health by propagation of harmful elements through the food chain has been poorly studied in Europe due to the lack of data of adequate detail and reliability. The European Union's first harmonized topsoil sampling and coherent analytical procedure produced trace element measurements from approximately 22,000 locations. This unique collection of information enables a reliable overview of the concentration of heavy metals, also referred to as metal(loid)s including As, Cd, Cr, Cu, Hg, Pb, Zn, Sb. Co, and Ni. In this article we propose that in some cases (e.g. Hg and Cd) the high concentrations of soil heavy metal attributed to human activity can be detected at a regional level. While the immense majority of European agricultural land can be considered adequately safe for food production, an estimated 6.24% or 137,000 km2 needs local assessment and eventual remediation action.

ACS Style

G. Tóth; T. Hermann; M.R. Da Silva; L. Montanarella. Heavy metals in agricultural soils of the European Union with implications for food safety. Environment International 2016, 88, 299 -309.

AMA Style

G. Tóth, T. Hermann, M.R. Da Silva, L. Montanarella. Heavy metals in agricultural soils of the European Union with implications for food safety. Environment International. 2016; 88 ():299-309.

Chicago/Turabian Style

G. Tóth; T. Hermann; M.R. Da Silva; L. Montanarella. 2016. "Heavy metals in agricultural soils of the European Union with implications for food safety." Environment International 88, no. : 299-309.

Journal article
Published: 01 January 2016 in Environmental Engineering and Management Journal
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ACS Style

Bogdan Apostol; Gergely Toth; Tiberiu-Eugen Antofie; Arwyn Jones. THE LUCAS 2012 TOPSOIL SURVEY AND DERIVED CROPLAND AND GRASSLAND SOIL PROPERTIES OF BULGARIA AND ROMANIA. Environmental Engineering and Management Journal 2016, 15, 2651 -2662.

AMA Style

Bogdan Apostol, Gergely Toth, Tiberiu-Eugen Antofie, Arwyn Jones. THE LUCAS 2012 TOPSOIL SURVEY AND DERIVED CROPLAND AND GRASSLAND SOIL PROPERTIES OF BULGARIA AND ROMANIA. Environmental Engineering and Management Journal. 2016; 15 (12):2651-2662.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Bogdan Apostol; Gergely Toth; Tiberiu-Eugen Antofie; Arwyn Jones. 2016. "THE LUCAS 2012 TOPSOIL SURVEY AND DERIVED CROPLAND AND GRASSLAND SOIL PROPERTIES OF BULGARIA AND ROMANIA." Environmental Engineering and Management Journal 15, no. 12: 2651-2662.

Journal article
Published: 01 October 2015 in Science of The Total Environment
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This study identifies factors affecting the fate of buried objects in soil and develops a method for assessing where preservation of different materials and stratigraphic evidence is more or less likely in the landscape. The results inform the extent of the cultural service that soil supports by preserving artefacts from and information about past societies. They are also relevant to predicting the state of existing and planned buried infrastructure and the persistence of materials spread on land. Soils are variable and preserve different materials and stratigraphic evidence differently. This study identifies the material and soil properties that affect preservation and relates these to soil types; it assesses their preservation capacities for bones, teeth and shells, organic materials, metals (Au, Ag, Cu, Fe, Pb and bronze), ceramics, glass and stratigraphic evidence. Preservation of Au, Pb and ceramics, glass and phytoliths is good in most soils but degradation rates of other materials (e.g. Fe and organic materials) is strongly influenced by soil type. A method is proposed for using data on the distribution of soil types to map the variable preservation capacities of soil for different materials. This is applied at a continental scale across the EU for bones, teeth and shells, organic materials, metals (Cu, bronze and Fe) and stratigraphic evidence. The maps produced demonstrate how soil provides an extensive but variable preservation of buried objects.JRC.H.5-Land Resources Managemen

ACS Style

Mark Kibblewhite; Gergely Tóth; Tamás Hermann. Predicting the preservation of cultural artefacts and buried materials in soil. Science of The Total Environment 2015, 529, 249 -263.

AMA Style

Mark Kibblewhite, Gergely Tóth, Tamás Hermann. Predicting the preservation of cultural artefacts and buried materials in soil. Science of The Total Environment. 2015; 529 ():249-263.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Mark Kibblewhite; Gergely Tóth; Tamás Hermann. 2015. "Predicting the preservation of cultural artefacts and buried materials in soil." Science of The Total Environment 529, no. : 249-263.

Journal article
Published: 01 December 2014 in Agrokémia és Talajtan
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Közleményünkben az — eddig csak kevesek által ismert — AIIR (Agrokémiai Irányítási és Információs Rendszer) adatbázist mutattuk be, illetve összegeztük az adatbázis által nyújtott talajtani információkat.Vizsgáltuk az adatbázis talajtani adatainak reprezentativitását az egyéb talajtani adatbázisokkal történő összehasonlítás módszerével. Az adatbázis talajosztályozási egységek szerinti besorolását térinformatikai eszközökkel összevetettük más térképi adatbázisokkal (AGROTOPO, MÉM NAK, földminősítési talajtérképek) Csongrád megyei mintaterületeken. A Csongrád megyei mintaterületeken végzett reprezentativitás- vizsgálatok szerint az adatbázis talaj főtípus és típus szinten megbízható (vagy a többi adatállománynál nem kevésbé megbízható) talajtani besorolásokat tartalmaz, míg az altípus szintű klasszifikáció megbízhatósága ezen az adatcsoporton jóval kisebb.Továbbá az AIIR taxonómiai egységein a legfontosabb talajparamétereket főtípus szinten összehasonlítottuk a MARTHA adatbázis hasonló taxonómiai egységeinek hasonló talajparamétereivel. Az AIIR adatbázis talajainak művelt (legfelső) rétegének tulajdonságai (kötöttség, pH, humusz- és CaCO3-tartalom) több esetben jelentős mértékben eltérnek a MARTHA adatbázisban szereplő adatoktól, illetve a hazai talajtani irodalmi forrásokban ismertetett talajjellemzőktől.Eredményeink megerősítik korábbi tapasztalatainkat, miszerint az AIIR értékes adatokat szolgáltat termőterületeink talajviszonyairól, de az adatbázis talajtaxonómiai adatainak — termőhelyi megfontolások alapján történő — felülvizsgálata és összehasonlító elemzése szükséges a további alkalmazást megelőzően.

ACS Style

Mihály Kocsis; Gergely Tóth; Judit Berényi Üveges; András Makó. Presentation of soil data from the National Pedological and Crop Production Database (NPCPD) and investigations on spatial representativeness. Agrokémia és Talajtan 2014, 63, 223 -248.

AMA Style

Mihály Kocsis, Gergely Tóth, Judit Berényi Üveges, András Makó. Presentation of soil data from the National Pedological and Crop Production Database (NPCPD) and investigations on spatial representativeness. Agrokémia és Talajtan. 2014; 63 (2):223-248.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Mihály Kocsis; Gergely Tóth; Judit Berényi Üveges; András Makó. 2014. "Presentation of soil data from the National Pedological and Crop Production Database (NPCPD) and investigations on spatial representativeness." Agrokémia és Talajtan 63, no. 2: 223-248.

Review
Published: 01 December 2014 in Agrokémia és Talajtan
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Tanulmányunk megírásával az volt a célunk, hogy bemutassuk miként fejlődött a hazai földminősítés tudománya a 19. század végének közgazdasági alapjaira épülő és földadóztatási célokat szolgáló hozadéki (aranykoronás) földértékeléstől napjainkig.Ismertettük, hogy a ’Sigmond Elek által megfogalmazott (a dokucsajevi talajgenetikát ismerő és felhasználó) földminősítési elvektől kezdődően, Kreybig Lajos és GéczyGábor, majd Máté Ferenc és munkatársai kutatásain keresztül, a legújabb, mért terméshozam adatsorok statisztikai elemzésén alapuló földminősítési rendszerig milyen hazai eredmények születtek a talajtermékenység vizsgálata és a földminősítés tárgykörében.A 2000-es évek elején megalkotott D-e-Meter intelligens környezeti földminősítő rendszert — a korábbi rendszerekhez hasonlóan — nemzetközi viszonylatban is az egyik legkorszerűbb értékelési módszernek lehet tekinteni. A D-e-Meter minősítés tartalmazza mindazt a koncepciót, amelyet elsőként világosan ’Sigmond fogalmazott meg, majd a talajtudósok későbbi nemzedékei többször is hangoztatottak, hogy a földminősítési eljárás kisléptékű — legalább 10.000 méretarányú — talajtérképi információkon és idősoros terméshozam adatok statisztikai elemzésén alapulva minősítse a földterületeket.

ACS Style

Mihály Kocsis; Gergely Tóth; András Makó. Development of cropland evaluation systems in Hungary — A review. Agrokémia és Talajtan 2014, 63, 371 -391.

AMA Style

Mihály Kocsis, Gergely Tóth, András Makó. Development of cropland evaluation systems in Hungary — A review. Agrokémia és Talajtan. 2014; 63 (2):371-391.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Mihály Kocsis; Gergely Tóth; András Makó. 2014. "Development of cropland evaluation systems in Hungary — A review." Agrokémia és Talajtan 63, no. 2: 371-391.

Journal article
Published: 03 November 2014 in European Journal of Soil Science
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A range of continental-scale soil datasets exists in Europe with different spatial representation and based on different principles. We developed comprehensive pedotransfer functions (PTFs) for applications principally on spatial datasets with continental coverage. The PTF development included the prediction of soil water retention at various matric potentials and prediction of parameters to characterize soil moisture retention and the hydraulic conductivity curve (MRC and HCC) of European soils. We developed PTFs with a hierarchical approach, determined by the input requirements. The PTFs were derived by using three statistical methods: (i) linear regression where there were quantitative input variables, (ii) a regression tree for qualitative, quantitative and mixed types of information and (iii) mean statistics of developer-defined soil groups (class PTF) when only qualitative input parameters were available. Data of the recently established European Hydropedological Data Inventory (EU-HYDI), which holds the most comprehensive geographical and thematic coverage of hydro-pedological data in Europe, were used to train and test the PTFs. The applied modelling techniques and the EU-HYDI allowed the development of hydraulic PTFs that are more reliable and applicable for a greater variety of input parameters than those previously available for Europe. Therefore the new set of PTFs offers tailored advanced tools for a wide range of applications in the continent.

ACS Style

Brigitta Toth; Melanie Weynants; Attila Nemes; A. Makó; G. Bilas; Gergely Toth. New generation of hydraulic pedotransfer functions for Europe. European Journal of Soil Science 2014, 66, 226 -238.

AMA Style

Brigitta Toth, Melanie Weynants, Attila Nemes, A. Makó, G. Bilas, Gergely Toth. New generation of hydraulic pedotransfer functions for Europe. European Journal of Soil Science. 2014; 66 (1):226-238.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Brigitta Toth; Melanie Weynants; Attila Nemes; A. Makó; G. Bilas; Gergely Toth. 2014. "New generation of hydraulic pedotransfer functions for Europe." European Journal of Soil Science 66, no. 1: 226-238.

Journal article
Published: 01 April 2014 in European Journal of Agronomy
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In the frame of the Land Use/Land Cover Area Frame Survey sampling of topsoil was carried out on around 22.000 points in 25 EU Member States in 2009 and in additional 2 member States in 2012. Beside other basic soil properties soil phosphorus (P) content of the samples were also measured in a single laboratory in both years. Based on the results of the LUCAS Topsoil survey we performed an assessment of plant available P status of European croplands. Higher P levels can be observed in regions where higher crop yields can be expected and where high fertiliser P inputs are reported. Plant available phosphorus levels were determined using two selected fertilizer recommendation systems; one from Hungary and one from the United Kingdom. The fertiliser recommendation system of the UK does not recommend additional fertiliser use on croplands with highest P supply, which covers regions mostly in Belgium and the Netherlands. According to a Hungarian advisory system there is a need for fertilizer P input in all regions of the EU. We established a P fertiliser need map based on integrating results from the two systems. Based on data from 2009 and 2012, P input demand of croplands in the European Union was estimated to 3,849,873 tons(P2O5)/year. In the meanwhile we found disparities of calculated input need and reported fertiliser statistics both on local (country) scale and on EU level. The first ever uniform topsoil P survey of the EU highlights the contradictions between soil P management of different countries of the Union while also highlights the inconsistencies between reported P fertiliser consumption and advised P doses. Our analysis shows a status of a baseline period of the years 2009 and 2012, while a repeated LUCAS topsoil survey can be a useful tool to monitor future changes of nutrient levels, including P in soils of the EU.JRC.H.5-Land Resources Managemen

ACS Style

Gergely Toth; Rannveig-Anna Guicharnaud; Brigitta Toth; Tamás Hermann. Phosphorus levels in croplands of the European Union with implications for P fertilizer use. European Journal of Agronomy 2014, 55, 42 -52.

AMA Style

Gergely Toth, Rannveig-Anna Guicharnaud, Brigitta Toth, Tamás Hermann. Phosphorus levels in croplands of the European Union with implications for P fertilizer use. European Journal of Agronomy. 2014; 55 ():42-52.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Gergely Toth; Rannveig-Anna Guicharnaud; Brigitta Toth; Tamás Hermann. 2014. "Phosphorus levels in croplands of the European Union with implications for P fertilizer use." European Journal of Agronomy 55, no. : 42-52.

Journal article
Published: 01 January 2014 in Soil Biology and Biochemistry
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Due to the large spatial variation of soil organic carbon (SOC) content, assessing the current state of SOC for large areas is costly and time consuming. Visible and Near Infrared Diffuse Reflectance Spectroscopy (Vis-NIR DRS) is a fast and cheap tool for measuring SOC based on empirical equations and spectral libraries. While the approach has been demonstrated to yield accurate predictions for databases containing samples belonging to soils with similar characteristics such as mineralogy, texture, iron and CaCO3 content, spectroscopic calibrations have been less successful when applied to large and diverse soil spectral libraries. About 20,000 samples collected all over the European Union were analyzed for physical and chemical properties, and scanned with a Vis-NIR spectrometer in a single laboratory. We implemented a modified local partial least square regression approach that, in addition to the spectra, uses other soil covariates (geographical coordinates, texture) for predicting the SOC content. The results showed good prediction ability for mineral soils under cropland (RMSE = 3.6 g C kg-1) and grassland (RMSE = 7.2 g C kg-1). Predictions of mineral soils under woodland (RMSE = 11.9 g C kg-1) and organic soils (RMSE= 51.1 g C kg-1) were less accurate. The best results were obtained when sand content was used as covariate.JRC.H.5-Land Resources Managemen

ACS Style

Marco Nocita; Antoine Stevens; Gergely Toth; Panos Panagos; Bas van Wesemael; Luca Montanarella. Prediction of soil organic carbon content by diffuse reflectance spectroscopy using a local partial least square regression approach. Soil Biology and Biochemistry 2014, 68, 337 -347.

AMA Style

Marco Nocita, Antoine Stevens, Gergely Toth, Panos Panagos, Bas van Wesemael, Luca Montanarella. Prediction of soil organic carbon content by diffuse reflectance spectroscopy using a local partial least square regression approach. Soil Biology and Biochemistry. 2014; 68 ():337-347.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Marco Nocita; Antoine Stevens; Gergely Toth; Panos Panagos; Bas van Wesemael; Luca Montanarella. 2014. "Prediction of soil organic carbon content by diffuse reflectance spectroscopy using a local partial least square regression approach." Soil Biology and Biochemistry 68, no. : 337-347.