The prevalence of human intestinal helminth parasitic infections is extensive, with over half of the global population estimated to suffer from these infections. Traditionally, various plant species, including Ricinus communis L. (Euphorbiaceae), are used to treat helminth infections. In this study, ricinoleic acid was isolated from the base hydrolysate of the petroleum ether seed extract of R. communis using column chromatography and transformed into ricinoleic acid methyl ester through esterification. The extract, ricinoleic acid and its methyl ester were evaluated for their anthelmintic activities against the model organism Caenorhabditis elegans. The results revealed that at a concentration of 1 mg/mL, ricinoleic acid and its methyl ester killed 97.40% and 97.83% of C. elegans worms, respectively. Molecular docking studies of ricinoleic acid on succinate dehydrogenase (SDH), glucose-6-phosphate 1-dehydrogenase (G6PD), and tubulin beta-2 chain (TBB2C) revealed that ricinoleic acid has a more favorable interaction with succinate dehydrogenase (−5.408 kcal/mol) compared to glucose-6-phosphate 1-dehydrogenase (−3.758 kcal/mol) and tubulin beta-2 chain (−1.444 kcal/mol). Furthermore, Absorption, Distribution, Metabolism, and Excretion (ADME) analyses unveiled that ricinoleic acid adheres to Lipinski’s rule of five, positioning it as a potential compound to treat helminths. The current study demonstrated that R. communis seed oil possesses genuine anthelmintic activity against C. elegans, which is likely due to ricinoleic acid.

Background and objective: Globally, diabetes mellitus is emerging as one of the most common chronic illnesses, and its prevalence has been increasing in the last decades. International Diabetes Federation reports that the number of people with diabetes in Ethiopia is 1.7 million. The prevalence of diabetes mellitus in Ethiopia is rising, and it is expected to increase to 2,031,000 in 2030. Diabetic patients have frequent hospitalization, which is associated with increased morbidity and mortality. The objective of this study was to assess reason for hospitalization and predictors for diabetes related hospitalization and in-hospital treatment outcome of adults with diabetes mellitus in Dilla University, a referral hospital in South Ethiopia. Method: A hospital-based prospective observational study was conducted at medical, emergency, COVID-19 treatment center, and intensive care unit wards of Dilla University Referral Hospital from September 1, 2020, to May 30, 2021. All adult patients with diabetes mellitus who met the inclusion criteria were consecutively included in the study and followed until discharge or referral or death. To identify the predictors for in-hospital treatment outcome and diabetes related admission, logistic regression was run. Variables with p-value ≤ 0.05 on multivariate regression were considered statistically significant. Results: A total of 153 patients were enrolled in the study. Diabetic ketoacidosis was the commonest reason for hospitalization (32%), followed by infection (22.2%) and cardiovascular diseases (9.2%). COVID-19 is the major cause of infection-related admission (13.7%). The mean length of hospital stay was 9.92 ± 7.97 days, ranging from 2 to 50 days. Higher proportion were discharged with improvement(71.9%) while 15.7% were self-discharge and 12.24% died in the hospital, mainly due to infections. The presence of comorbidity (AOR = 3.27, 95% CI: 1.39–7.68), obesity (AOR = 3.93, 95% CI: 1.42–10.9), patients with age group of 50–59 (AOR = 0.13, 95% CI: 0.03–0.56), ≥ 60 (AOR = 0.06, 95% CI: 0.018–0.25), and knowledge about diabetic foot ulcer complication (AOR = 0.33, 95% CI: 0.12–0.89) were predictors of diabetes-related admission. Regarding treatment outcome, poor exercise practice (AOR = 2.41, 95% CI: 1.014–5.77, p = 0.046), hypertension (AOR = 3.17, 95% CI: 1.39–7.19, p = 0.006), unsatisfactory knowledge about DM (AOR = 3.5, 95% CI: 1.12–10.9, p = 0.030), and being unmarried (AOR = 3.34, 95% CI: 1.47–7.58, p = 0.004) were predictors of poor treatment outcome. Conclusion: Generally, this study showed that hyperglycemic emergencies, infections, and cardiovascular diseases were the most common reasons for hospitalization. The mortality rate is high, which is 12.24%, and urges attention to the care of hospitalized patients. Health care professionals should strengthen patient education on glycemic control and self-care practice, since the majority of patients have poor self-care practice and poor metabolic control.