Photodynamic therapy (PDT) is an innovative and non-invasive approach to treating apparent tumours with minimal toxicity. PDT has a long-standing application in antitumor treatment utilizing various photosensitizers (PSs) for different tumours. Historically, light has served as a therapeutic tool in many diseases. PDT involves a dual treatment process in which light energy and PSs are combined to ablate tumour cells following light activation. In general, PDT exhibits reduced side effects and toxicity compared to chemotherapy and radiotherapy, as it spares the extracellular matrix, facilitating excellent tissue healing and minimizing scarring. In addition, PSs can serve in diagnostic roles in tumour identification, termed photodynamic diagnosis (PDD). Advancements in flexible light sources that produce uniform illumination could significantly enhance the consistency of light delivery. This review outlines the clinical applications of OLEDs in PDT for cancer, addressing both diagnostic and therapeutic methods. Furthermore, we will explore various tumour cases using PDT with OLEDs. In particular, antimicrobial PDT targets antibiotic-resistant strains in diabetic foot ulcers, while metronomic PDT promotes cancer cell apoptosis through prolonged, low-intensity light exposure. Our emphasis is on PDT employing organic light-emitting diodes (OLEDs). Furthermore, the combination of PDT with NIR-OLEDs is examined for its potential to enhance tumour-targeting effectiveness, possibly exceeding the results of standalone treatments.

The twin spool gas turbine engine, which is an integral part of the avionics, is a nonlinear large order multi-input multi-output dynamical system. The design of a controller for the turbine engine using classical techniques is a tedious task and implementation of the complex controller is also an issue. The gas turbine system model is an uncertain one due to the existence of multiple operating points. Thus, a robust control technique is required for effective control of the system. Sliding mode control is a powerful technique which has the capability of handling systems with uncertainty. The basic philosophy of this paper is to design a sliding mode controller with model order reduction. DSP implementation of the tracking-designed tracking controller on the original system is easier due to reduced controller complexity.

This paper explores the application of Organic Thin-Film Transistors (OTFTs) sensors in their detection of tumor cells, with a specific focus on measuring Prostate-Specific Antigen (PSA) concentration, a critical biomarker for diagnose of prostate-cancer. The study emphasizes the importance of sensitivity and specificity in the OTFT sensor’s compare to digital rectal examination (DRE) performance, as these parameters are essential for accurate cancer diagnostics. Sensitivity ensures that the sensor can detect low PSA concentrations, which is crucial for early-stage detection, while specificity minimizes false positives, distinguishing between malignant and benign conditions effectively. The input characteristics of the OTFT sensor, particularly the gate voltage, play a significant role in its ability to detect PSA. Proper calibration of the gate voltage enhances the sensor’s sensitivity, enabling the detection of subtle changes in PSA levels. The output-characteristics, represented by the drain current, provide a quantifiable measure of PSA concentration, which is essential for assessing the presence and progression of tumour cells. This study demonstrates the potential of OTFT sensors as a non-invasive, precise, and reliable method for early cancer detection. By optimizing sensitivity, specificity, and the sensor’s input–output characteristics, OTFT technology could significantly improve diagnostic accuracy and patient outcomes in cancer care.