Ultra-processed foods (UPFs) have become a widely consumed food category in modern diets. However, their impact on gut health is raising increasing concerns. This review investigates how UPFs impact the gut microbiome and gut barrier, emphasizing gut dysbiosis and increased gut permeability. UPFs, characterized by a high content of synthetic additives and emulsifiers, and low fiber content, are associated with a decrease in microbial diversity, lower levels of beneficial bacteria like Akkermansia muciniphila and Faecalibacterium prausnitzii, and an increase in pro-inflammatory microorganisms. These alterations in the microbial community contribute to persistent inflammation, which is associated with various chronic disorders including metabolic syndrome, irritable bowel syndrome, type 2 diabetes, and colorectal cancer. In addition, UPFs may alter the gut–brain axis, potentially affecting cognitive function and mental health. Dietary modifications incorporating fiber, fermented foods, and probiotics can help mitigate the effects of UPFs. Furthermore, the public needs stricter regulations for banning UPFs, along with well-defined food labels. Further studies are necessary to elucidate the mechanisms connecting UPFs to gut dysbiosis and systemic illnesses, thereby informing evidence-based dietary guidelines.

Alopecia areata (AA) is a complex autoimmune disorder with multifactorial pathogenesis. Recent research highlights the gut microbiota as a possible key player in AA pathogenesis through the gut–skin axis: gut dysbiosis may disrupt intestinal barrier integrity and immune tolerance by affecting T regulatory cells, potentially contributing to disease onset and progression. The purpose of this review is to analyze the current evidence on the correlation between gut microbiota and AA, dissecting both the pathogenetic role of its alterations in the onset and progression of disease and its potential role as a therapeutic target.

Background: Obesity is a complex, chronic disease with metabolic complications. Many patients respond suboptimally to conventional interventions like the hypocaloric Mediterranean diet (MD), highlighting the need to investigate alternative supervised nutritional strategies in patients with an insufficient response to conventional dietary treatment. Objectives: This study aimed to evaluate the KETOCOMP (Food-Based KETOgenic Nutritional Protocol for Patients with COMPlicated Obesity), a medically and dietitian-supervised, food-based sequential ketogenic nutritional protocol consisting of a ketogenic phase followed by controlled carbohydrate reintroduction, for improving anthropometric and body composition in patients with complicated obesity who were non-responsive to conventional dietary treatment. Methods: In this longitudinal, observational study, adult patients with obesity/overweight and metabolic comorbidities, previously non-responsive to a hypocaloric MD, were identified. Patients followed a 4-week food-based ketogenic diet (approx. 1200 kcal/day, <20 g carbohydrate, CHO) followed by a 4-week low-carbohydrate reintroduction phase (approx. 1300 kcal/day, up to 100 g CHO). Anthropometric and body composition parameters were assessed at baseline (T0), after the MD (T1), after the ketogenic phase (T2), and after the low-carbohydrate phase (T3). Intra-subject comparisons were performed. Results: Across the entire observed nutritional pathway (T0–T3), body weight (BW), body mass index (BMI), and fat mass (FM) decreased by 7.7%, 9.45%, and 23.1%, respectively. Using T1 as the relevant baseline for the second-line KETOCOMP sequence, mean BW and FM decreased by 7.79 kg and 6.29 kg, respectively, from T1 to T3; during the ketogenic phase alone (T1–T2), BW decreased by 6.10 kg and FM by 4.80 kg. Body Cell Mass (BCM) and Phase Angle (PhA) showed no statistically significant changes during the ketogenic and carbohydrate-reintroduction phases, whereas Fat-Free Mass (FFM) decreased significantly. Significant reductions in waist and hip circumferences (WC, HC) were also observed. No serious adverse events were documented among included participants; however, discontinuation rates could not be assessed because completion through T2 formed part of cohort selection. Conclusions: The KETOCOMP protocol may represent a clinically applicable second-line nutritional strategy for patients with obesity and metabolic complications who respond suboptimally to conventional dietary treatment. The observed reductions in body weight and fat mass, together with the absence of significant changes in BCM and PhA, suggest a favorable short-term change in body composition. However, larger prospective controlled studies incorporating standardized clinical and biochemical safety monitoring and direct assessment of skeletal muscle are required to confirm these findings and evaluate longer-term outcomes.