Batai (Falcataria moluccana) is a valuable tree species for forest plantations in Malaysia and Indonesia. Since 1993, a gall rust disease has caused severe damage to all growth stages, from seedlings in the nursery to mature trees in the field. To identify the fungus causing gall rust disease on F. moluccana in Malaysia and Indonesia, study of the mode of infection and changes in the anatomy of infected cells were carried out in the anatomy laboratory. The disease in Malaysia and Indonesia is caused by Uromycladium tepperianum. The fungus produces three longitudinally ridged teliospores on each head, with spores measuring 13-20 μm wide and 17-28 μm long. The fungus is microcyclic, completing its entire life cycle on F. moluccana. This study confirmed that the teliospores themselves cannot infect the host. Under favorable conditions, about 10 h after inoculation, teliospores germinate to produce basidiospores that form penetration pegs about 6 h later, and it is this peg which penetrates the host cells directly through the epidermis. Pycnia, recognized as small brown pustules, break through the epidermis about 7 days after inoculation.

Sengon (Falcataria moluccana) has a high economical value in the community forest. It was planted by agroforestry system that has various pattern. However, gall rust disease has caused severe damage to all growth stages. Each agroforestry pattern has a different contribution on the development of gall rust disease. This research was aimed to evaluate development of gall rust disease in various agroforestry pattern. Field study was made in various agroforestry pattern that are PA I (sengon with coffee, papaya, and ginger), PA II (cassava planted between sengon with 1, 5 m spacing) and PA III (cassava planted in the edge of sengon plantation with 0, 5 m spacing) to observe Disease Incidence (DI) and Disease Severity (DS). The result showed that development of gall rust disease for 5 months at agroforestry patterns were observed is low (PA I has DI = 47,22%, DS = 15,74% while PA II has DI = 27,16%, DS = 10,29 and PA III has DI = 20,99%, DS = 7,41%)

Falcataria moluccana (batai) is one of the valuable multipurpose tree species for forest plantations, particularly in Malaysia and Indonesia. Gall rust disease caused by Uromycladium tepperianum (Sacc.) is one of the most destructive diseases in Batai plantations. The disease causes severe damage at all developmental stages of the plant from the nursery stage to mature trees in the field and includes the development of chocolate brown, cauliflower-like or whip-like galls on the stem, branch, petiole, shoot and pod. Different seed sources may respond differently to gall rust fungus. Thus, the responses of F. moluccana seedlings from 6 selected seed sources to gall rust disease caused by U. tepperianum, were evaluated, at the Brumas Estate, Malaysia, in terms of gall rust disease severity, mortality, and disease infection rate of the seedlings. Based on disease severity, infection rate and cumulative mortality due to gall rust disease, the wamena was found to be the best seed source in relation to gall rust disease resistance.

Agroforestry practices have a pivotal role to reduce the CO2 concentration in the atmosphere and they subsequently store the carbon in part of stems, branches, roots, and crowns of the trees composing their vegetation communities. The objective of the research is to determine the carbon stocks in the three agroforestry practices. These are Multilayer Tree Garden (MTG), Taungya (TGY), and Home Garden (HMG). The research was carried out from May 2017 to November 2017 at Sragen and Karanganyar Regency, Central Java. A plot size of 20 m x 100 m for big trees, 5 m x 40 m for small trees, and 1 m x 1 m for understory vegetation was used in the sampling. The carbon stock was measured by Chave's allometric equation. The carbon stock in the multilayer tree garden is the highest (44.47 Mg C/ha) compared with the taungya (38.81 Mg C/ha) and home garden (31.41 Mg C/ha). Meanwhile, the above-ground carbon stock in the home garden practice is the biggest (14.97 Mg C/ha or 48 %) among the multilayer tree garden (9.67 Mg C/ha or 23%) and taungya (6.11 Mg C/ha or 16%). A 14-year-old G. versteegii in the taungya practice has the biggest carbon stocks (2.46 Mg C/ha) compared to the multilayer tree garden (1.73 Mg C/ha) and home garden (0.56 Mg C/ha).

This study was aimed to examine the appropriate and effective techniques for tapping and sheltering coconut sap to produce quality crystal coconut sugar products according to SNI 3743-2021 for palm sugar. The research was conducted using an experimental method with a non-factorial randomized block design (RBD) of 14 different tapping and shelter treatments. The physicochemical parameters of crystal coconut sugar that were observed were moisture content, ash content, sucrose and reducing sugar content. The statistical analysis of data using the ANOVA test (F test), DMRT α 5% test and the Effectiveness Index Test. The results showed the five best methods for tapping and sheltering coconut sap that could produce crystal coconut sugar products with quality levels of sucrose, reducing sugar, moisture and ash content according to SNI 3743-2021, respectively are methods VII, V, VIII, VI and I. Method VII was tapping in from the afternoon to night for 8 hrs (14.00 AM-22.00 PM), + 2% laru (natural preservative), without heating and shelter duration or being processed directly into crystal coconut sugar. Method V was tapping in the morning to noon for 8 hrs (06.00-14.00 AM), + 2% laru (natural preservative), without heating shelter duration. Method VIII was tapping afternoon to night for 8 hrs (14.00 AM22.00 PM), + 2% laru (natural preservative), without heating, and shelter duration for 3 hrs. Method VI was tapping in the morning to noon for 8 hrs (06.00-14.00 AM), + 2% laru (natural preservative), without heating and shelter duration for 3 hrs. Method I was tapping in the morning to noon for 6 hrs (06.00-12.00 AM), without laru (natural preservative), without heating and shelter duration or being processed directly into crystal coconut sugar.